Table 2 Underlying structures of the PAID and PAID-5 based on previous psychometric studies including patients with type 2 diabetes

Full form (PAID)

Welch et al. [8]

One factor

One-factor scale (all 20 items)

Huang et al. [16]

One factor

One-factor scale (all 20 items)

Miller et al. [13]

Two factors

Subscale 1: Lack of confidence (1, 2, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18)

Subscale 2: Negative emotional consequences (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 19, 20)

Huis In ‘t Veld et al. [15]

Two factors

Subscale 1: Diabetes distress (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 19)

Subscale 2: Support-related issues (15, 16, 17, 18, 20)

Papathanasiou et al. [12]

Three factors

Subscale 1: Diabetes-related emotional problems (1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20)

Subscale 2: Food-related problems (4, 5, 11)

Subscale 3: Social-support-related problems (17, 18)

Snoek et al. [9]

Four factors

Subscale 1: Diabetes-related emotional problems ( 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 19, 20)

Subscale 2: Treatment-related problems (1, 2, 15)

Subscale 3: Food-related problems (4, 5, 11)

Subscale 4: Social-support-related problems (17, 18)

Graue et al. [19]

Lack of empirical support

Short form (PAID-5)

McGuire et al. [21]

One factor

One-factor scale (3, 6, 12, 16, 19)