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Table 2 Factors associated with the three DHP-18 scales, in people with type 2 diabetes

From: Factors associated with psychological and behavioral functioning in people with type 2 diabetes living in France

 

Barriers to activity

(N = 2,081)

Psychological distress

(N = 2,113)

Disinhibited eating

(N = 2,312)

 

beta

Se

p

beta

se

p

beta

se

p

Intercept

94.99

1.38

< .001

96.64

1.54

< .001

82.27

1.38

< .001

Female

1.29

0.76

0.09

- 4.86

1.80

0.007

- 5.25

1.01

< .001

Age (1 yr)

- 0.04

0.05

0.44

0.27

0.04

< .001

0.32

0.05

< .001

Educational level

  

< .001

  

< .001

   

   Less than high school

- 5.48

1.14

< .001

- 4.80

1.23

< .001

   

   High school

- 2.54

1.17

0.03

- 2.26

1.27

0.08

   

   University

0.00

  

0.00

     

Country of birth

     

0.02

   

   Europe

   

- 3.41

1.75

0.05

   

   France

   

0.00

     

   North Africa

   

- 3.43

1.34

0.01

   

   Other

   

- 0.60

1.72

0.73

   

Living alone

   

3.77

0.84

< .001

- 2.61

1.10

0.02

Universal medical insurance coverage

- 5.59

1.76

0.002

- 7.89

1.93

< .001

   

Diabetes duration (years)

  

0.04

  

< .001

   

   0-4

0.00

  

0.00

     

   5-9

- 1.69

0.94

0.07

- 0.98

1.22

0.42

   

   10-19

- 2.32

0.87

0.008

- 2.16

1.10

0.05

   

   20 and more

- 2.37

1.03

0.02

- 2.20

1.28

0.09

   

Diabetes treatment

  

< .001

  

< .001

  

0.10

   Insulin

- 9.49

1.23

< .001

- 8.54

1.94

< .001

- 3.35

1.61

0.04

   Insulin & OHAs

- 8.79

1.32

< .001

- 2.43

1.97

0.22

- 1.64

1.89

0.39

   OHAs

0.00

  

0.00

  

0.00

  

Macrovascular complication a

- 3.00

0.90

< .001

      

Microvascular complication b

- 6.65

1.13

< .001

- 3.33

1.20

0.006

   

Severe hypoglycemia in 2001

- 7.90

1.19

< .001

      

Weight-loss diet

- 4.10

0.76

< .001

   

- 6.35

1.03

< .001

At least one dietician visit in 2001

- 2.27

0.82

0.006

- 4.31

0.85

< .001

   

Perceived weight variation

     

< .001

  

< .001

Decreasing

   

- 0.81

1.90

0.67

- 1.45

1.39

0.30

Increasing

   

- 8.46

1.96

< .001

- 9.65

1.42

< .001

Stable

   

0.00

  

0.00

  

Insulin or Tablet forgetting

        

< .001

   Weekly

      

- 12.34

2.39

< .001

   Monthly

      

- 5.96

1.76

< .001

   Less than monthly

      

- 4.62

1.41

0.001

   Never

      

0.00

  

Body Mass Index (1 kg/m²)

      

- 0.51

0.16

0.001

No regular physical activity c

      

- 6.25

1.78

< .001

Alcohol consumption

  

< .001

  

0.03

   

   Daily or almost daily

0.00

 

.

0.00

     

   Weekly

- 0.20

0.92

0.83

- 1.79

1.11

0.11

   

   Monthly

- 2.14

1.14

0.06

- 3.95

1.57

0.01

   

   Less than monthly

- 1.18

1.16

0.31

- 1.56

1.79

0.39

   

   Never

- 5.86

1.04

< .001

- 5.46

1.66

0.001

   

High level of cholesterol

- 1.77

0.66

0.008

- 2.00

0.71

0.005

- 3.05

0.91

< .001

At least one psychiatrist visit in 2001

- 4.56

1.52

0.003

   

- 8.71

2.16

< .001

Psychotropic substances delivery during the last quarter 2001

   

- 2.82

 

0.79

 

< .001

 

Other(s) disease(s)

- 3.64

0.68

< .001

- 4.06

0.79

< .001

- 4.38

0.92

< .001

R² (%)

25

  

21

  

18

  
  1. ENTRED 2001
  2. Empty cells mean that factors were not included in the final multivariable model.
  3. Underlining indicates the most important association with the DHP scores.
  4. a Presence of myocardial infarction, angina or heart arteries surgery; b Presence of foot ulcer, amputation, eye vision loss, dialysis or kidney transplantation; c House working, do-it-yourself, walking, building/unskilled working, or sport.
  5. Significant interactions were found in the three dimensions:
  6. - barriers to activity: age*other(s) disease(s), p < .0001; age*hypoglycemia, p = 0.006; age*treatment, p < .001;
  7. - psychological distress: Sex*Alcohol consumption, p = 0.05; Age*Hypoglycemic episode, p = 0.01; Age*Treatment, p = 0.008; Diabetes duration*Hypoglycemic episode, p = 0.002; Diabetes duration*Psychiatrist visit, p = 0.04; Diabetes duration*Weight, p = 0.01; Treatment*Other(s) disease(s), p = 0.008;
  8. - disinhibited eating: Sex*No regular physical activity, p = 0.005; Age*Living alone, p = 0.03; BMI*Diabetes duration, p = 0.004; BMI*Treatment, p = 0.005.
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