The PedsQL™ as a patient-reported outcome in children and adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: a population-based study

Table 1 PedsQL™ 4.0 Generic Core Scales Scores for Child Self-Report and Parent Proxy-Report across Samples

	ADHD^a		Cancer^b		Cerebral Palsy^c		Healthy^d		Differences	Effect Size
Scale	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Self-Report	(N = 72)		(N = 66)		(N = 57)		(N = 3256)
Total Score	70.17	18.28	68.95	15.15	66.27	15.90	84.29	12.56	a<d***	1.12
Physical Functioning	82.63	17.47	65.81	20.33	64.81	21.36	88.02	13.26	b, c<a*; a<d	.41
Psychosocial Health	63.52	21.05	70.81	15.31	67.00	16.08	82.31	13.95	a<b; a<d**	1.35
Emotional Functioning	65.27	25.74	68.94	20.52	66.16	23.34	79.45	18.00	a<d***	0.79
Social Functioning	65.55	28.12	78.64	18.38	70.18	18.94	85.95	16.49	a<b*; a<d*	1.24
School Functioning	59.76	21.23	64.26	19.64	64.62	21.11	81.50	16.10	a<d***	1.35
Proxy-Report	(N = 69)		(N = 71)		(N = 57)		(N = 3251)
Total Score	69.50	16.17	60.67	19.09	56.27	17.27	79.87	16.24	b<a; c<a; a<d**	0.64
Physical Functioning	84.61	15.89	56.75	26.34	53.31	24.28	81.76	20.82	b, c<a***	0.14
Psychosocial Health	61.43	18.79	63.12	17.68	57.85	16.71	78.85	16.00	a<d***	1.09
Emotional Functioning	64.36	21.16	58.10	21.96	61.40	18.70	79.51	17.32	a<d***	0.87
Social Functioning	65.11	26.92	71.23	19.62	54.74	21.64	80.98	20.85	c<a; a<d**	0.76
School Functioning	53.83	19.10	61.42	21.59	57.39	19.86	76.01	19.66	a<d***	1.13

Note: ADHD = Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. SCHIP = State's Children's Health Insurance Program. Three parents of children with ADHD did not complete enough items to calculate subscale or summary scores.
*p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001 based on Tukey post-hoc analysis. Effect sizes are designated as small (.20), medium (.50), and large (.80). Effect sizes represent the magnitude in the differences between the ADHD and healthy samples only.
With a Bonferroni correction for the number of comparisons, differences at p < .05 and .01 should be considered heuristic/exploratory.

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