Table 3 Differences in ITAS scores (items, subscales, and total score) by insulin use
Item | Non-insulin users | Insulin users | d | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M ± SD | A/SA% | M ± SD | A/SA% | |||
1 | Taking insulin means I have failed to manage my diabetes with diet and tablets | 3.5 ± 1.3 | 58.3% | 2.8 ± 1.3*** | 39.4% | 0.54 |
2 | Taking insulin means my diabetes has become much worse | 4.0 ± 1.0 | 80.2% | 3.2 ± 1.2*** | 51.0.0% | 0.76 |
3^ | Taking insulin helps to prevent complications of diabetes | 3.9 ± 1.0 | 76.4% | 3.9 ± 1.0 | 76.7% | 0.04 |
4 | Taking insulin means other people see me as a sicker person | 3.3 ± 1.1 | 46.3% | 2.7 ± 1.1*** | 26.1% | 0.53 |
5 | Taking insulin makes life less flexible | 3.6 ± 1.1 | 58.7% | 2.8 ± 1.1*** | 28.9% | 0.71 |
6 | I'm afraid of injecting myself with a needle | 3.3 ± 1.4 | 47.9% | 1.9 ± 1.2*** | 10.4% | 1.08 |
7 | Taking insulin increases the risk of low blood glucose levels (hypoglycaemia) | 3.4 ± 1.0 | 46.5% | 3.0 ± 1.1*** | 36.1% | 0.45 |
8^ | Taking insulin helps to improve my health | 3.8 ± .08 | 67.7% | 3.9 ± 0.9 | 75.5% | -0.12 |
9 | Insulin causes weight gain | 3.1 ± .08 | 18.2% | 3.5 ± 1.0*** | 50.6% | -0.47 |
10 | Managing insulin injections takes a lot of time and energy | 3.3 ± 1.0 | 40.9% | 2.4 ± 1.1*** | 15.3% | 1.04 |
11 | Taking insulin means I have to give up activities I enjoy | 2.7 ± 1.0 | 16.8% | 2.1 ± 1.0*** | 6.4% | 0.63 |
12 | Taking insulin means my health will deteriorate | 2.8 ± 1.0 | 18.6% | 2.2 ± 1.0*** | 9.2% | 0.57 |
13 | Taking insulin is embarrassing | 2.7 ± 1.1 | 21.6% | 2.2 ± 1.1*** | 14.9% | 0.48 |
14 | Injecting insulin is painful | 3.1 ± 1.0 | 32.1% | 2.4 ± 1.1*** | 18.9% | 0.67 |
15 | It is difficult to inject the right amount of insulin correctly at the right time every day | 3.0 ± 0.9 | 23.2% | 2.1 ± 1.0*** | 12.4% | 0.86 |
16 | Taking insulin makes it more difficult to fulfil my responsibilities (at work, at home) | 2.8 ± 0.9 | 17.8% | 2.0 ± 0.9*** | 4.8% | 0.92 |
17^ | Taking insulin helps to maintain good control of my blood glucose | 3.9 ± 0.8 | 74.7%% | 3.9 ± 0.9 | 78.7% | -0.05 |
18 | Being on insulin causes family and friends to be more concerned about me | 3.6 ± 0.9 | 57.7% | 3.0 ± 1.0*** | 33.7% | 0.65 |
19^ | Taking insulin helps to improve my energy levels | 3.3 ± 0.7 | 30.9% | 3.1 ± 0.9** | 30.5% | 0.28 |
20 | Taking insulin makes me more dependent on my doctor | 3.4 ± 0.9 | 47.3% | 2.9 ± 1.1*** | 33.7% | 0.54 |
Total Score | 60.7 ± 10.1 | 50.2 ± 10.3*** | 1.03 | |||
Positive Subscale | 14.9 ± 2.4 | 14.8 ± 2.6 | 0.04 | |||
Negative Subscale | 51.6 ± 10.2 | 41.2 ± 9.6*** | 1.04 | |||