Table 4 Linear regression estimates of univariate predictors of mean (SE) increase/reduction (+/-) in PROQOL subscale and global scores (body of table), together with the percent of the score variances explained by fitting joint models of covariate blocks as grouped according to indication of sociodemographic, treatment, biomedical or clinical factors (R 2 ×100)
| Â | Emotional | Health | Social | Intimate | Stigma | Body | Phys. Health & Symptoms | Treatment Impact^ | Global | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Distress | Concerns | Relationships | Relationships | Â | Changes | Â | Â | Â | Â |
| Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 7-factor^ | 8-factor |
All patients | Â | |||||||||
Mean (SE) | 64.89 (2.63) | 54.90 (2.64) | 72.55 (2.58) | 51.63 (2.98) | 43.32 (3.10) | 66.48 (2.58) | 71.36 (2.14) | - | 60.62 (2.01) | - |
Treated patients | Â | |||||||||
Mean (SE) | 65.16 (2.88) | 57.69 (2.80) | 73.41 (2.79) | 52.01 (3.17) | 46.66 (3.40) | 66.52 (2.73) | 71.05 (2.27) | 81.08 (1.63) | 61.66 (2.21) | 64.07 (2.06) |
Sociodemographic factors | ||||||||||
Male gender | +8.18 (7.43) | +13.56 (7.36) | +2.01 (7.33) | -9.81 (8.41) | +9.77 (8.71) | +4.18 (7.32) | +3.09 (6.05) | +7.36 (4.86) | +4.29 (5.67) | +4.50 (6.18) |
Transmission (ref: heterosexual/unknown) | ||||||||||
IDU | +11.61 (11.65) | +14.29 (11.65) | -0.89 (11.49) | +2.28 (13.14) | +27.39 (13.43)* | +1.64 (11.49) | +1.29 (9.48) | +3.46 (6.77) | +8.51 (8.89) | +7.60 (8.57) |
MSM | +3.51 (5.49) | +3.17 (5.49) | -2.28 (5.42) | -8.60 (6.19) | +8.41 (6.36) | +2.56 (5.42) | -3.01 (4.47) | +4.34 (3.46) | +0.82 (4.21) | +2.20 (4.41) |
Caucasian race | +11.38 (6.33) | +18.93 (6.16)†| +4.84 (6.29) | -2.75 (7.29) | +5.98 (7.52) | +10.87 (6.22) | +4.29 (5.20) | +11.34 (4.04)†| +7.52 (4.84) | +9.16 (5.23) |
Age >45 years | +9.04 (5.22) | +12.21 (5.16)* | +8.24 (5.13) | +12.32 (5.87)* | +11.00 (6.13) | +5.18 (5.17) | +6.27 (4.25) | +9.25 (3.12)†| +9.02 (3.95)* | +9.23 (4.02)* |
Living alone | -0.33 (5.42) | -2.15 (5.42) | -11.91 (5.18)* | -16.74 (5.91)†| -6.87 (6.36) | -2.18 (5.32) | -6.44 (4.35) | +2.82 (3.38) | -7.05 (4.1) | -4.23 (4.29) |
Diagnosed <2 years | -0.98 (7.27) | -22.96 (6.91)†| -2.65 (7.13) | -3.79 (8.24) | -18.98 (8.32)* | +4.54 (7.13) | +6.54 (5.86) | -7.04 (5.61) | -5.34 (5.52) | -3.04 (7.12) |
Unemployed or | -23.14 (6.54)‡ | -5.95 (6.92) | -20.63 (6.49)†| -16.88 (7.69)* | -2.01 (8.14) | -25.92 (6.3)‡ | -27.45 (4.91)‡ | -10.32 (4.07)* | -17.32 (4.99)‡ | -16.34 (5.01)†|
sickness benefits | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Post-secondary | +8.44 (5.44) | +3.18 (5.5) | -0.4 (5.4) | -0.8 (6.24) | -0.65 (6.47) | +3.03 (5.39) | +8.22 (4.39) | -0.92 (3.42) | +3.2 (4.19) | +2.17 (4.31) |
education | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Substance use over previous 2 weeks | ||||||||||
Tobacco | +1.1 (5.4) | +1.49 (5.4) | -8.65 (5.22) | +6.95 (6.08) | +1.75 (6.37) | -4.62 (5.28) | -7.68 (4.31) | -0.81 (3.31) | -1.69 (4.13) | -1.09 (4.2) |
Alcohol | -3.29 (7.46) | +10.37 (7.41) | -0.06 (7.33) | +0.04 (8.47) | -0.96 (8.76) | +4.12 (7.32) | +1.92 (6.06) | +3.18 (4.44) | +1.88 (5.69) | +3.57 (5.6) |
Variance explained by sociodemographic factors | ||||||||||
(proportion) | 18.01% | 22.49% | 19.64% | 20.7% | 18.74% | 20.69% | 32.63% | 20.6% | 22.61% | 21.22% |
Treatment factors | ||||||||||
On ART | +1.82 (7.47) | +18.94 (7.24)* | +5.92 (7.31) | +2.57 (8.47) | +22.49 (8.46)†| +0.27 (7.33) | -2.08 (6.06) | - | +7.00 (5.65) | - |
Current ART (ref: NNRTI) | ||||||||||
none | - 3.79 (7.96) | -19.27 (7.74)* | -7.50 (7.80) | -6.44 (8.98) | -15.00 (8.80) | -2.09 (7.82) | -2.99 (6.30) | - | -7.95 (6.04) | - |
PI | -4.16 (5.75) | -0.70 (5.59) | -3.35 (5.63) | -8.23 (6.48) | +15.71 (6.37)* | -3.86 (5.65) | -10.76 (4.55)* | -9.93 (3.10)†| -1.99 (4.37) | -2.97 (4.13) |
Time on HAART | +0.23 (0.5) | +1.38 (0.47)†| -0.07 (0.49) | -0.04 (0.56) | +1.44 (0.57)* | -0 (0.48) | -0.12 (0.4) | +0.36 (0.28) | +0.43 (0.38) | +0.42 (0.36) |
(per year) ^ | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
ART pill burden | -2.78 (2) | -0.68 (1.96) | -2.06 (1.94) | -3.74 (2.18) | +3.06 (2.36) | -2.12 (1.9) | -3.06 (1.55) | -3.36 (1.08)†| -1.56 (1.54) | -1.78 (1.43) |
(per tablet/day) ^ | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
ART non-adherent^ | -2.48 (7.16) | +2.13 (6.96) | -3.26 (6.93) | -7.21 (7.84) | -2.8 (8.4) | -1.57 (6.79) | -6.58 (5.58) | -9.22 (3.91)* | -2.95 (5.46) | -3.72 (5.07) |
On non-ART | -8.00 (5.41) | -2.57 (5.47) | -6.05 (5.34) | -6.45 (6.17) | +8.08 (6.38) | -11.07 (5.26)* | -12.39 (4.26)†| -1.19 (3.34) | -5.35 (4.14) | -4.61 (4.18) |
medication | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Variance explained by treatment factors | ||||||||||
(proportion) | 8.33% | 20.27% | 4.02% | 5.39% | 17.01% | 6.51% | 14.28% | 26.55% | 10.18% | 10.18% |
Biological factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Body mass index | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(per unit) | -0.01 (0.58) | -0.35 (0.58) | -0.29 (0.57) | +0.20 (0.66) | +0.02 (0.68) | +0.08 (0.57) | -0.18 (0.47) | +0.16 (0.35) | -0.07 (0.44) | -0.01 (0.44) |
CD4 count (per 100 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
T cells) | +0.25 (0.82) | +1.50 (0.81) | +0.30 (0.81) | +1.90 (0.91)* | +0.22 (0.97) | +0.80 (0.80) | +0.42 (0.66) | +0.88 (0.47) | +0.81 (0.62) | +0.84 (0.60) |
Detectable viral | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
load | -9.13 (6.08) | -17.09 (5.92)†| -10 (5.95) | -6.36 (6.94) | -13.05 (7.10) | -5.94 (6.01) | -0.87 (4.99) | -10.52 (4.61)* | -8.79 (4.6) | -10.96 (5.86) |
Variance explained by biological factors | ||||||||||
(proportion) | 2.99% | 11.15% | 3.31% | 4.57% | 3.47% | 2.07% | 2.49% | 10.00% | 4.80% | 5.51% |
Clinical factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Depressive | -27.84 (5.41)‡ | -11.26 (5.95) | -19.64 (5.63)‡ | -20.76 (6.51)†| +4.91 (7.12) | -17.22 (5.69)†| -24.26 (4.27)‡ | -6.49 (3.67) | -16.48 (4.29)‡ | -16.42 (4.29)‡ |
Other comorbidity | -10.5 (5.21)* | +0.27 (5.32) | -3.97 (5.2) | -3.95 (6.02) | +9.49 (6.2) | -7.59 (5.16) | -8.61 (4.23)* | -3.35 (3.27) | -3.35 (4.06) | -4.35 (4.14) |
Symptoms | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Sexual dysfunction | -26.02 (5.57)‡ | -22.06 (5.75)‡ | -6.69 (6.00) | -23.14 (6.58)‡ | -12.38 (7.11) | -14.88 (5.85)* | -23.6 (4.40)‡ | -7.86 (3.73)* | -18.29 (4.31)‡ | -16.03 (4.49)‡ |
Gastrointestinal | -6.73 (1.53)‡ | -3.99 (1.63)* | -4.2 (1.59)†| -5.38 (1.82)†| -0.31 (1.97) | -5.63 (1.54)‡ | -8.57 (1.05)‡ | -3.3 (0.94)‡ | -4.95 (1.18)‡ | -5.06 (1.15)‡ |
(per number) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Malaise (per | -8.11 (1.58)‡ | -4.75 (1.71)†| -6.44 (1.62)‡ | -4.28 (1.97)* | +0.17 (2.09) | -8.29 (1.53)‡ | -9.18 (1.11)‡ | -2.21 (1.12) | -5.95 (1.22)‡ | -5.84 (1.3)‡ |
number) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Morphological | -4.71 (1.36)‡ | -2.2 (1.42) | -2.75 (1.38)* | -5.29 (1.54)‡ | -1.04 (1.68) | -4.81 (1.33)‡ | -4.97 (1.05)‡ | -1.76 (0.84)* | -3.65 (1.03)‡ | -3.66 (1.01)‡ |
(per number) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Other (per number) | -8.39 (2.5)†| -4.6 (2.6) | -5.32 (2.53)* | -4.34 (2.96) | -0.8 (3.15) | -11.06 (2.34)‡ | -9.17 (1.93)‡ | -2.48 (1.58) | -6.71 (1.93)‡ | -7.01 (1.91)‡ |
Variance explained by clinical factors | ||||||||||
(proportion) | 37.25% | 19.37% | 19.68% | 21.82% | 6.7% | 29.97% | 62.04% | 14.2% | 31.92% | 33.31% |
Variance explained by all factors | ||||||||||
(proportion) | 63.64% | 49.81% | 37.24% | 46.31% | 33.07% | 41.26% | 75.36% | 47.83% | 53.01% | 55.4% |