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Table 1 Characteristics of Patients

From: The discriminative power of the EuroQol visual analog scale is sensitive to survey language in Singapore

 

Patients completing the Chinese EQ-5D-3L (N = 335)

Patients completing the English EQ-5D-3L (N = 298)

P value

Age at survey, mean(SD)

65.9 (9.0)

59.2 (10.8)

< 0.001

Male, N (%)

144 (43.1)

157 (53.2)

0.011

Ethnicity, N (%)

   

   Chinese

335 (100)

166 (56.1)

< 0.001

   Malay/India/other

0 (0)

130 (43.9)

 

Employment status, N (%)

   

   Employed

99 (29.6)

140 (47.3)

< 0.001

   Retired

139 (41.5)

86 (29.1)

 

   Housekeeper/unemployed

97 (28.9)

70 (23.6)

 

Education attainment, N (%)

   

   No formal qualifications

134 (40.4)

31 (10.5)

< 0.001

   Primary school education

121 (36.4)

59 (20.1)

 

   Secondary school education

61 (18.4)

117 (39.8)

 

   Tertiary education

16 (4.8)

87 (29.6)

 

BMI category

   

   Non-obese (BMI < 30), N (%)

280 (87.0)

233 (81.2)

0.122

   Obese (BMI ≥ 30), N (%)

42 (13.0)

54 (18.8)

 

Duration of diabetes

   

   < 10 years, N (%)

180 (45.9)

168 (56.9)

0.466

   ≥ 10 years, N (%)

153 (54.1)

127 (43.1)

 

Presence of 1 or more diabetes-related complications, N (%)

144 (43.0)

112 (37.6)

0.167

Presence of 1 or more comorbidities, N (%)

271 (80.9)

211 (70.8)

0.003

Self-reported global heath

   

   Excellent/very good/good

205 (61.2)

215 (72.4)

0.003

   Fair/poor

130 (38.8)

82 (27.6)

 

EQ-VAS, mean (SD)

68.9 (16.7)

69.9 (16.8)

0.498

EQ-5D-3L index score, mean(SD)

0.86 (0.18)

0.87 (0.19)

0.519

Administration mode

   

   Self-completion

17 (5.1)

87 (29.2)

< 0.001

   Interviewer-administered

318 (94.9)

211 (70.8)

 
  1. Notes: complications were conditions or diseases related to diabetes including stroke, ischemic heart disease, kidney disease, peripheral neuropathy, peripheral vascular disease, and eye disease; comorbidities included cancer, arthritis, hypertension, high blood cholesterol, asthma, lung conditions, liver conditions, mental disorders, urological disease, and ear, nose or throat diseases.