Health-related quality of life deficits associated with varying degrees of disease severity in type 2 diabetes

Table 3 Comparison of adjusted mean^a HRQL scores according to emergency room visits and days off work for diabetes

Days off Work for Diabetes	No days off work for diabetes (n = 77–84)^b	One or more days off work for diabetes (n = 9)	Adjusted Mean Difference (95% CI)
RAND 12
PHC ^c	48.92	35.85	13.07 (5.66–20.49)^d
MHC ^e	46.99	40.70	6.29 (-0.86–13.44)
Health Utilities Index
HUI3 Overall Utility	0.76	0.53	0.23 (0.29–0.43) ^f
HUI3 Single Attribute Utility Scores
Utility Scores
Vision	0.93	0.97	0.04 (-0.10-0.03)
Ambulation	0.99	0.98	0.01 (-0.03–0.05)
Dexterity ^g	0.99	0.97	0.02 (-0.01–0.05)
Emotion	0.92	0.84	0.08 (0.0002–0.17)^f
Cognition	0.92	0.94	0.02 (-0.12-0.08)
Pain	0.89	0.61	0.28 (0.11–0.45) ^d
ER Visits for Diabetes	No ER visits for diabetes (n = 241–272)^b	One or more ER visits for diabetes (n = 13–21)^b	Adjusted Mean Difference (95% CI)
RAND 12
PHC ^h	44.28	37.68	6.60 (0.65–12.55) ^f
MHC ⁱ	45.63	40.29	5.34 (-0.63–10.77)
Health Utilities Index
HUI3 Overall Utility ^j	0.66	0.50	0.16 (0.002–0.33) ^f
HUI3 Single Attribute Utility Scores
Utility Scores
Vision ^k	0.91	0.93	0.02 (-0.01–0.06)
Ambulation ^l	0.93	0.89	0.04 (-0.03–0.12)
Dexterity	0.96	1.00	0.04 (-0.11-0.03)
Emotion ^m	0.88	0.85	0.03 (-0.06–0.13)
Cognition ⁿ	0.91	0.87	0.04 (-0.05–0.12)
Pain ^j	0.84	0.67	0.17 (0.03–0.30) ^f

a Covariates included income, age, BMI, First Nations Status, sex, education, and duration of diabetes b n varied depending on number of individuals with missing data for each global, single attribute utility, and health composite score c Statistically significant covariates (p < 0.05) included BMI d p < 0.001 e Statistically significant covariates (p < 0.05) included age f p < 0.05 g Statistically significant covariates (p < 0.05) included sex and income h Statistically significant covariates (p < 0.05) included high school graduation, BMI and duration of diabetes i Statistically significant covariates (p < 0.05) included BMI and education j Statistically significant covariates (p < 0.05) included income k Statistically significant covariates (p < 0.05) included income and duration l Statistically significant covariates (p < 0.05) included age and BMI m Statistically significant covariates (p < 0.05) included First Nations Status n Statistically significant covariates (p < 0.05) included high school graduation

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