Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of KOA patients and their association with HRQoL (i.e., EQ-5D-5L utility and EQ-VAS scores)

Location

 Hospital A

164 (31.599)

0.713 \(\pm\) 0.224

 < 0.001

66.793 \(\pm\) 16.789

0.434

 Hospital B

96 (18.497)

0.642 \(\pm\) 0.246

69.740 \(\pm\) 17.137

 Hospital C

237 (45.665)

0.720 \(\pm\) 0.211

68.418 \(\pm\) 15.184

 Hospital D

22 (4.239)

0.356 \(\pm\) 0.249

65.636 \(\pm\) 9.810

Sex

 Male

115 (22.158)

0.709 \(\pm\) 0.269

0.275

70.565 \(\pm\) 17.248

0.053

 Female

404 (77.842)

0.682 \(\pm\) 0.225

67.309 \(\pm\) 15.443

Age, years

  < 60

125 (24.085)

0.744 \(\pm\) 0.182

 < 0.001^‡

69.080 \(\pm\) 18.070

0.655

 60–74

291 (56.069)

0.691 \(\pm\) 0.240

67.526 \(\pm\) 14.971

  > 74

103 (19.846)

0.611 \(\pm\) 0.262

68.184 \(\pm\) 15.742

Marital status

 Unmarried

59 (11.368)

0.650 \(\pm\) 0.272

0.186

67.203 \(\pm\) 16.534

0.672

 Married

460 (88.632)

0.693 \(\pm\) 0.230

68.137 \(\pm\) 15.834

Smoking status

 No

487 (93.834)

0.691 \(\pm\) 0.230

0.446^‡

67.992 \(\pm\) 15.941

0.828

 Yes

32 (6.166)

0.647 \(\pm\) 0.314

68.625 \(\pm\) 15.523

Alcohol consumption

 No

494 (95.183)

0.687 \(\pm\) 0.235

0.844

68.113 \(\pm\) 15.674

0.600

 Yes

25 (4.817)

0.697 \(\pm\) 0.262

66.400 \(\pm\) 20.189

Income, CNY ⁺

  < 2000

245 (48.134)

0.683 \(\pm\) 0.251

0.060

67.053 \(\pm\) 16.729

0.105

 2000–4000

187 (36.739)

0.676 \(\pm\) 0.228

68.551 \(\pm\) 14.387

  > 4000

77 (15.128)

0.749 \(\pm\) 0.192

71.364 \(\pm\) 15.317

Medical insurance

 No

477 (91.908)

0.684 \(\pm\) 0.236

0.203

68.388 \(\pm\) 15.934

0.085

 Yes

42 (8.092)

0.732 \(\pm\) 0.235

63.976 \(\pm\) 15.120

Duration of illness, years

  < 5

232 (44.701)

0.690 \(\pm\) 0.255

0.111

69.151 \(\pm\) 16.631

0.216

 6–15

210 (40.462)

0.704 \(\pm\) 0.211

67.690 \(\pm\) 15.525

  > 15

77 (14.836)

0.638 \(\pm\) 0.234

65.584 \(\pm\) 14.480

Cardiovascular disease

 No

487 (93.834)

0.700 \(\pm\) 0.224

0.003^‡

68.372 \(\pm\) 15.916

0.057

 Yes

32 (6.166)

0.511 \(\pm\) 0.325

62.844 \(\pm\) 14.975

Total knee arthroplasty

 No

468 (90.173)

0.695 \(\pm\) 0.227

0.111^‡

68.325 \(\pm\) 15.844

0.202

 Yes

51 (9.827)

0.625 \(\pm\) 0.299

65.333 \(\pm\) 16.332

Other joint diseases

 No

462 (89.017)

0.693 \(\pm\) 0.232

0.196

68.253 \(\pm\) 15.840

0.365

 Yes

57 (10.983)

0.650 \(\pm\) 0.261

66.228 \(\pm\) 16.419

Trauma or ligament injury

 No

423 (81.503)

0.690 \(\pm\) 0.236

0.711

67.809 \(\pm\) 16.173

0.504

 Yes

96 (18.497)

0.680 \(\pm\) 0.235

69.010 \(\pm\) 14.683

Daily exercise, minutes

 None

183 (35.260)

0.607 \(\pm\) 0.281

 < 0.001^‡

67.169 \(\pm\) 14.334

0.321

  < 30

129 (24.855)

0.738 \(\pm\) 0.183

67.178 \(\pm\) 16.990

 ≥ 30

207 (39.884)

0.728 \(\pm\) 0.200

69.324 \(\pm\) 16.496

BMI,\(\mathrm{kg}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\)

  < 18.5

6 (1.156)

0.378 \(\pm\) 0.355

0.002

58.500 \(\pm\) 11.895

0.025

 18.5–24

142 (27.360)

0.727 \(\pm\) 0.214

70.824 \(\pm\) 15.804

 24–28

211 (40.655)

0.682 \(\pm\) 0.244

68.000 \(\pm\) 16.560

  > 28

160 (30.829)

0.673 \(\pm\) 0.230

65.950 \(\pm\) 14.861