Table 1 Characteristics of included papers (n = 789)

Targeting population

China (mainland)

213

27

Japan

164

20.8

Thailand

73

9.3

Korea

58

7.4

Hong Kong

56

7.1

Taiwan

54

6.8

Singapore

46

5.8

Iran

34

4.3

India

20

2.5

Malaysia

18

2.3

Others^a

53

6.7

Type of intervention

Screening or diagnosis

102

12.9

Prevention (e.g. vaccination/public intervention)

96

12.2

Therapy (e.g. surgery/pharmaceutical)

576

73

Disease management

14

1.8

Other (diabetes pay-for-performance program)

1

0.1

Study perspective

Patient

14

1.8

Provider/payer

426

54

Societal

249

31.6

Not reported

100

12.7

Time horizon

Less than 1 year

27

3.4

1–5 years

112

14.2

6-10 years

62

7.9

More than 10 years

410

52

Not reported

178

22.6

Type of model

Markov models

418

53

Decision tree models

99

12.5

Both

85

10.8

Other

70

8.9

Type of sensitivity analysis

None

69

8.7

Non-probabilistic one/multi way sensitivity analysis

229

29.1

Probabilistic sensitivity analysis

491

62.2

Discount rate used for cost

None

177

22.4

1%-2%

32

4

3%

446

56.5

3.5%-7.2%

134

17

Discount rate used for outcome

None

177

22.4

1%-2%

34

4.3

3%

450

57

3.5%-7.2%

128

16.2

Identification of HSUs

Systematic review

19

2.4

Non-systematic review

21

2.7

Not reported

749

94.9