Is the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) a valid measure in a general population 65–80 years old? A psychometric evaluation study

Table 4 Goodness-of-fit indices for the confirmatory factor analyses models (n = 6622)

	χ² goodness-of-fit			RMSEA
Models	χ²	df	p-value	RMSEA	90% CI	p-value	CFI	TLI
I Baseline	2405.2	76	< 0.001	0.068	0.066–0.070	< 0.001	0.965	0.958
II Cross-loadings	1280.3	74	< 0.001	0.050	0.047–0.052	0.599	0.982	0.978
III Cross-loadings and collapsed response categories	1126.4	73	< 0.001	0.047	0.044–0.049	0.988	0.984	0.980

Model I = baseline model without modifications; Model II = model with cross-loadings for item 7 and 8; Model III = model with cross-loadings for item 7 and 8 and collapsed response categories (category 2 and 3)
Goodness-of-fit indices for excellent model fit: RMSEA root mean square error of approximation (≤ 0.06), CFI comparative fit index (≥ 0.95), TLI Tucker-Lewis index (≥ 0.95)

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