Table 1 Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the study participants
Variable | T2D cases (n = 149) | Controls (n = 298) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (SD)a | 52.30 (10.41) | 52.30 (10.40) | 1.00 |
Gender, % (n)b | |||
Men | 39.6 (59) | 39.3 (117) | 0.95 |
Women | 60.4 (90) | 60.7 (181) | |
Marital status, % (n)b | |||
Married | 92.0 (137) | 95.0 (282) | 0.21 |
Unmarried | 8.0 (12) | 5.0 (15) | |
Education, % (n)b | |||
Illiterate | 26.2 (39) | 30.5 (91) | 0.34 |
Literate | 73.8 (110) | 69.5 (207) | |
Employment, % (n)b | |||
Employed | 35.6 (53) | 36.9 (110) | 0.78 |
Unemployed | 64.4 (96) | 63.1 (188) | |
Ethnic group, % (n)b | |||
Afro-Arab | 75.3 (110) | 78.6 (232) | 0.43 |
African | 24.7 (36) | 21.4 (63) | |
Consumption of milk, % (n)b | |||
High | 67.1 (100) | 83.2 (248) | <0.01 |
Low | 32.9 (49) | 16.8 (50) | |
Consumption of meat, % (n)b | |||
High | 40.3 (60) | 60.7 (181) | <0.01 |
Low | 59.7 (89) | 39.3 (117) | |
Consumption of eggs, % (n)b | |||
High | 72.5 (108) | 61.4 (183) | 0.02 |
Low | 27.5 (41) | 38.6 (115) | |
Consumption of vegetables, % (n)b | |||
High | 85.2 (127) | 86.6 (258) | 0.70 |
Low | 14.8 (22) | 13.4 (40) | |
Consumption of fruits, % (n)b | |||
High | 36.9 (55) | 22.8 (68) | <0.01 |
Low | 63.1 (94) | 77.2 (230) | |
Consumption of sweets, % (n)b | |||
High | 23.5 (35) | 49.3 (147) | <0.01 |
Low | 76.5 (114) | 50.7 (151) | |
Consumption of bread, % (n)b | |||
High | 78.4 (116) | 79.9 (236) | 0.84 |
Low | 21.6 (32) | 20.8 (62) | |
Dental plaque index, % (n)b | |||
High | 75.2 (112) | 36.9 (110) | <0.01 |
Low | 24.8 (37) | 63.1 (188) | |
Bleeding on probing, % (n)b | |||
High | 89.3 (133) | 31.9 (95) | <0.01 |
Low | 10.7 (16) | 68.1 (203) | |
Tooth mobility, % (n)b | |||
Yes | 91.3 (136) | 53.0 (158) | <0.01 |
No | 8.7 (13) | 47.0 (140) | |
Periodontal probing depth, % (n)b | |||
> 4 mm | 45.0 (67) | 14.8 (44) | <0.01 |
≤ 4 mm | 55.0 (82) | 85.2 (254) | |
Missing teeth, % (n)b | |||
≤ 21 teeth | 25.5 (38) | 9.4 (28) | <0.01 |
> 21 teeth | 74.5 (111) | 90.6 (270) | |
DMFT, % (n)b | |||
Yes | 94.6 (141) | 95.6 (285) | 0.81 |
No | 5.4 (8) | 4.4 (13) | |
Root caries, % (n)b | |||
Yes | 52.3 (78) | 39.3 (117) | <0.01 |
No | 47.7 (72) | 60.7 (182) | |
OIDP, % (n)b | |||
OIDP =0 | 64.4 (96) | 86.2 (257) | <0.01 |
OIDP >0 | 35.6 (53) | 13.8 (41) |