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Table 2 Potentially modifiable characteristics and unadjusted associations with impact on family and impact on parent scores (n = 196)a

From: The impact of preterm birth <37 weeks on parents and families: a cross-sectional study in the 2 years after discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit

  

Impact on familyb

Impact on parentc

  

Total score

Emotion score

Time limitations score

Characteristics

% of sample

Median (IQR)

p-value

Median (IQR)

p-value

Median (IQR)

p-value

Use of community-based services

Use of a community-based developmental program (early intervention)

 Yes

92

23 (18–31)

0.9

82 (61–93)

0.9

90 (71–100)

0.2

 No

8

28 (17–36)

 

82 (64–93)

 

83 (33–95)

 

Use of social services d

 Yes

45

26 (19–38)

0.02

82 (61–93)

0.9

90 (67–100)

0.8

 No

55

23 (17–30)

 

82 (64–93)

 

90 (71–100)

 

Use of public housing

 Yes

9

29 (22–41)

0.04

85 (57–93)

0.7

74 (47–100)

0.4

 No

91

23 (18–31)

 

82 (64–93)

 

90 (71–100)

 

Receive supplemental security income (SSI)

 Yes

23

23 (17–31)

0.8

86 (69–100)

0.1

95 (71–100)

0.1

 No

77

24 (18–32)

 

82 (61–93)

 

90 (71–95)

 

Use a community based clinic for primary care

 Yes

12

23 (19–41)

0.5

73 (57–96)

0.7

81 (67–100)

0.4

 No

88

23 (18–31)

 

83 (63–93)

 

90 (71–100)

 

Financial Burden since infant discharge

Participant employed

 Yes

68

23 (18–31)

0.7

82 (64–93)

0.9

90 (71–100)

0.4

 No

32

24 (18–35)

 

85 (61–93)

 

90 (67–100)

 

Partner employed

 Yes

88

21 (17–30)

0.2

85 (64–96)

0.5

90 (71–100)

0.5

 No

12

27 (22–28)

 

83.5 (64–89)

 

90 (67–95)

 

Any member has taken ≥ 3 h taken off from work without pay weekly

 Yes

51

27 (18–40)

<0.005

71 (53–89)

<0.005

81 (52–95)

<0.005

 No

49

21 (17–29)

 

86 (71–96)

 

90 (80–100)

 

Receives employer-based compensation for time off

 Yes

31

22 (18–31)

0.6

86 (75–96)

0.02

90 (76–100)

0.2

 No

69

24 (17–33)

 

79 (57–93)

 

90 (69–100)

 

No compensation (from any source) for time off

 No compensation

17

29 (18–41)

0.1

65 (50–89)

0.01

85 (47–100)

0.2

 Compensation

83

23 (17–30)

 

85 (68–89)

 

90 (76–100)

 

Unexpected costs incurred

 Yes

41

29 (19–39)

<0.01

75 (57–93)

<0.01

81 (59–95)

<0.01

 No

59

21 (17–29)

 

86 (69–96)

 

90 (76–100)

 

Increased bills

 Yes

19

30 (23–44)

<0.02

71 (53–86)

<0.02

76 (47–100)

<0.02

 No

81

22 (17–30)

 

86 (68–95)

 

90 (76–100)

 

Increased out-of-pocket expenses

 Yes

13

33 (23–44)

<0.04

75 (61–93)

<0.04

76 (43–100)

<0.04

 No

87

23 (18–30)

 

82 (64–93)

 

90 (71–100)

 

Increased financial worry

 Yes

59

27 (20–35)

<0.0001

75 (57–93)

<0.0001

81 (62–95)

<0.0001

 No

41

20 (17–27)

 

89 (75–96)

 

95 (86–100)

 

Collections were discussed prior to discharge

 Yes

19

30 (21–42)

<0.001

82 (69–93)

0.8

90 (71–100)

0.5

 No

81

23 (17–30)

 

85 (61–93)

 

90 (71–100)

 

Enrollment in Medi-caid

 Yes

33

27 (20–38)

0.04

82 (61–93)

0.5

90 (71–98)

0.9

 No

67

23 (17–31)

 

82 (64–93)

 

90 (71–100)

 

Health-related social problems

Home safety e

 Safe

91

23 (17–31)

0.03

85 (64–93)

0.2

90 (71–100)

0.05

 Unsafe

9

30 (23–43)

 

75 (57–89)

 

76 (43–90)

 

Domestic Violence

 Reported

1

23

0.9

82

0.9

100

0.2

 Not reported

99

24 (18–31)

 

84 (61–93)

 

90 (71–100)

 

Social isolation f

 Yes

16

30 (23–46)

<0.001

75 (57–82)

<0.001

76 (62–86)

<0.001

 No

84

22 (17–31)

 

86 (64–96)

 

90 (71–100)

 
  1. aP-values derived using Wilcoxon Rank Sum (for 2 sample comparisons) or Kruskal Wallis (for 3 sample comparisons) tests
  2. bDerived from Impact on Family Scale (Stein, et al. [27]). Higher score indicates higher impact. Impact on Family Scale (range of possible scores, 0 to 56)
  3. cDerived from Infant Toddler Quality of Life (ITQOL) questionnaire (Landgraf, et al. [30]). Higher score indicates lower impact. ITQOL scale (range of possible scores, 0 to 100)
  4. dUse of one or more public assistance programs: Supplemental nutritional assistance program for Women, Infants and Children, Transitional Aid to Families with Dependent Children, Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program
  5. eUnsafe home environment constitutes water leaks, pests, or no heat
  6. fSocial isolation defined by positive response to query about feelings of isolation
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Health and Quality of Life Outcomes

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