Changes in quality of life among Norwegian school children: a six-month follow-up study

Table 5 Mean change and estimated mean change on the KINDL: Student report by grade

	Mean change ^a	SD	Est. Mean change ^b	SEM	Effect size (%)
Grade
Family
10^th	0.4	18.6	-2.3	0.7	3.3
8^th	-1.7	16.2	-2.2***	0.8
6^th	2.1	14.9	3.1***	0.7
4^th	1.0	16.7.	3.2	0.7
Total^c	0.5	16.8	-	-
Friends
10^th	1.1	14.8	0.2	0.6
8^th	1.0	15.4	0.8	0.7
6^th	1.4	15.7	2.4	0.7
Total^d	1.2	15.2	-	-
School
10^th	1.4	16.9	-1.0	0.7	1.0
8^th	-0.5	15.7	-0.1*	0.7
6^th	-0.3	15.1	2.2*	0.7
Total^d	0.3	16.0	-	-
Emotional well-being
10^th	0.1	15.3	-0.9*	0.6	2.2
8^th	0.3	14.8	0.9*	0.7
6^th	3.2	15.0	3.8*	0.6
Total^d	1.2	15.1	-	-
Self-esteem
10^th	0.5	15.6	-0.3	0.8
8^th	-0.9	18.6	-0.7	0.9
6^th	0.3	16.9	1.0	0.8
4^th	-0.3	23.4	-0.3	0.8
Total^c	-0.1	18.9	-	-

^aDifferences in means based on raw scores between baseline and follow-up (T2 minus T1).
^bEstimated marginal mean change scores by ANCOVA, using baseline-scores as covariates.
^cTotal N = 1770; ^dtotal N= 1282.
Sample size for 10^th, 8^th, 6^th and 4^th grades: 488, 370, 424 and 488.
SD = Standard deviation; SEM = Standard error of the mean
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001

ISSN: 1477-7525