Table 3 Item content, mean scores and distribution of responses to individual items comparing insulin-naïve versus insulin treated participants and mean subscale and total ITAS scores. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.
Insulin naïve (n = 146) | Insulin-treated (n = 136) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | agree or strongly agree | Mean (SD) | agree or strongly agree | |
1. Insulin signifies failure with pre-insulin therapy | 3.4 ± 1.4 | 54% | 2.5 ± 1.4*** | 27%*** |
2. Insulin signifies diabetes has worsened | 3.9 ± 1.6 | 73% | 2.8 ± 1.3*** | 37%*** |
3. Insulin will improve prognosis | 3.8 ± 1.1 | 62% | 4.2 ± 1.0*** | 82%*** |
4. Insulin will make others perceive greater sickness | 3.2 ± 1.3 | 41% | 2.5 ± 1.2*** | 20%*** |
5. Insulin will make life less flexible | 3.8 ± 1.1 | 70% | 2.9 ± 1.3*** | 40%*** |
6. Fear of needle injection | 3.1 ± 1.5 | 47% | 1.4 ± 1.0*** | 6%*** |
7. Insulin will increase the risk of hypoglycaemia | 3.1 ± 1.1 | 52% | 3.0 ± 1.3*** | 40%*** |
8. Insulin will improve health | 3.6 ± 1.0 | 53% | 4.0 ± 1.0*** | 78%*** |
9. Insulin will cause weight gain | 3.1 ± 0.9 | 23% | 3.6 ± 1.3*** | 54%*** |
10. Insulin will be demanding to administer | 3.6 ± 1.1 | 61% | 2.7 ± 1.2*** | 28%*** |
11. Insulin means I have to give up activities I enjoy | 2.6 ± 1.1 | 19% | 1.9 ± 1.1*** | 10%*** |
12. Insulin means my health will deteriorate | 2.7 ± 1.1 | 23% | 2.2 ± 1.1*** | 13%*** |
13. Injecting insulin is embarrassing | 2.6 ± 1.3 | 23% | 1.8 ± 1.3*** | 10%*** |
14. Injecting insulin is painful. | 3.3 ± 1.2 | 43% | 2.7 ± 1.3*** | 38%** |
15. It is difficult to always inject insulin correctly | 3.2 ± 1.2 | 40% | 2.3 ± 1.3*** | 26%*** |
16. Insulin makes it difficult to fulfil my responsibilities | 2.9 ± 1.2 | 27% | 1.9 ± 1.1*** | 9%*** |
17. Insulin helps to maintain good control of blood glucose | 3.7 ± 1.0 | 59% | 4.0 ± 1.1* | 73%*** |
18. Using insulin causes family/friends to be more concerned | 3.5 ± 1.1 | 55% | 3.1 ± 1.3*** | 46%** |
19. Insulin helps to improve my energy levels | 3.2 ± 0.7 | 25% | 3.1 ± 1.1 NS | 35%*** |
20. Insulin makes me more dependent on my doctor | 3.4 ± 1.1 | 40% | 3.0 ± 1.2*** | 35%*** |
Mean Total Negative items ITAS | 55.5 ± 12.7 | 44.1 ± 10.0*** | ||
Mean Total Positive items ITAS | 14.3 ± 2.9 | 15.2 ± 2.8* | ||
Mean Total ITAS (sum score 20 items, 4 negative recoded) | 61.6 ± 12.8 | 48.9 ± 11.2*** | ||