Table 3 Independent t-test for gender differences in mental health and quality of life outcome
From: Mental health outcomes and quality of life of Ukrainian refugees in Germany
Male | Female | Cohen's D | t | Sig. (2-tailed) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | ||||
Quality of life (EUROHIS-QOL 8) | 23.78 | 5.59 | 22.47 | 4.75 | 0.26 | 1.937 | .054 |
Psychological distress (GHQ-12) | 14.20 | 6.55 | 18.90 | 6.64 | − 0.68 | − 5.186 | .000 |
Depressive symptoms and anxiety (PHQ-4) | 4.39 | 2.80 | 5.85 | 3.15 | − 0.46 | − 3.688 | .000 |
Depressive symptom (PHQ-2) | 2.03 | 1.52 | 2.89 | 1.75 | − 0.49 | − 3.962 | .000 |
Anxiety symptom (GAD -2) | 2.36 | 1.62 | 2.96 | 1.75 | − 0.35 | − 2.549 | .011 |