Table 4 Empirical evidence of relationships between outcome measures and EQ-5D dimensions
From: Convergent validity of EQ-5D with core outcomes in dementia: a systematic review
Broader domain | Empirical evidence of association with EQ-5D dimensions | Proxy | Self | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Cognition | Positive association between MMSE and anxiety/ depression (F = 6.86, p = .001) | ◦◦ | ✓ | Anrki et al. [19] |
People with severe cognitive impairment (MMSE 0–9) reported considerably fewer problems in all EQ-5D dimensions – compared with the less cognitively impaired. People with MMSE 20–30 reported the most problems with pain/discomfort. People with MMSE 10–19 had the most problems with usual activities | ✓ | Heßmann et al. [28] | ||
ADL | Positive association between Katz indicator and mobility (F = 16.4, p < .0001) | ✓ | Ankri et al. [19] | |
Positive association between Katz indicator and self-care (F = 6.3, p < .0001) | ✓ | Ankri et al. [19] | ||
Positive association between Katz indicator and usual activities (F = 6.8, p < .002) | ✓ | Ankri et al. [19] | ||
Positive association between Katz indicator and pain/discomfort (F = 6.8, p < .002) | ✓ | Anrki et al. [19] | ||
Boxplots indicate positive association between BADLS and mobility. Observed associations: all carers 0.44; clinician 0.59; live-in carers 0.38; (p < 0.01) | ✓ | Bryan et al. [34] | ||
Boxplots indicate positive association BADLS and self-care. Observed associations: all carers 0.57; clinician 0.62; live-in carers 0.65; (p < 0.01) | ✓ | Bryan et al. [34] | ||
Boxplots indicate positive association BADLS and usual activities. Observed associations: all carers 0.62; clinician 0.50; live-in carers 0.75; (p < 0.01) | ✓ | Bryan et al. [34] | ||
Reporting problems in all EQ-5D dimension (minus anxiety/depression) was significantly associated with worse scores on the Barthel index (p < 0.01) | ✓ | Diaz-Redondo et al. [23] | ||
Negative association between Barthel index score and self-reported mobility (-0.499), self-care (-.0609) and usual activities (-0.374) = p < 0.01 | ✓ | Easton et al. [42] | ||
Negative association between Barthel index score and proxy reported mobility (-0.555), self-care (-0.627), usual activities (-0.577) = p < 0.01 | ✓ | Easton et al. [42] | ||
Behaviour/mood | NPI summary score and EQ-5D anxiety/depression show positive association. Observed associations seen between clinician proxy rating = 0.46, p < 0.01. No association for other proxy types | ✓ | Bryan et al. [34] | |
Reporting problems in EQ-5D anxiety/depression dimension was significantly associated with Cornell scale score (p < 0.01) | ✓ | Diaz-Redondo et al. [23] | ||
NPI negatively association with mobility (-0.177) and anxiety/depression (0.160) = p < 0.01 | ✓ | Easton et al. [42] | ||
GDS demonstrated moderate convergent validity via strength of correlation coefficients with the following EQ-5D dimensions: mobility (3L), 0.310; self-care (3L), 0.446; usual activities (3L), 0.414; anxiety/depression (5L), 0.317; poor correlation with pain/discomfort – p values not reported | ✓ | Michalowsky et al. [33] |