Table 1 Characteristics of participants (n = 1243)
From: Urinary incontinence in pregnant women and its impact on health-related quality of life
Variables | All sample | women with UI | women without UI | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | ||||
 ≤ 35 | 1077 (86.6%) | 543 (50.4%) | 534 (49.6%) | 0.005 |
 > 35 | 166 (13.4%) | 103 (62.0%) | 63 (38.0%) |  |
Residence | ||||
 City | 1000 (80.4%) | 530 (53.0%) | 470 (47.0%) | 0.141 |
 Country | 243 (19.6%) | 116 (47.7%) | 127 (52.3%) |  |
Education | ||||
 Junior college or below | 444 (35.7%) | 233 (52.5%) | 211 (47.5%) | 0.773 |
 Bachelor degree | 625 (50.2%) | 327 (52.2%) | 298 (47.8%) |  |
 Master degree or above | 174 (14.1%) | 86 (49.4%) | 88 (50.6%) |  |
Coffee consumption | ||||
 < Once a week | 1164 (93.6%) | 595 (51.1%) | 569 (48.9%) | 0.021 |
 ≥ Once a week | 79 (6.4%) | 51 (64.6%) | 28 (35.4%) |  |
Tea consumption | ||||
 < Once a week | 1157 (93.1%) | 595 (51.4%) | 562 (48.6%) | 0.158 |
 ≥ Once a week | 86 (6.9%) | 51 (59.3%) | 35 (40.7%) |  |
Childhood enuresis | ||||
 No | 1130 (90.9%) | 573 (50.7%) | 557 (49.3%) | 0.005 |
 Yes | 113 (9.1%) | 73 (64.6%) | 40 (35.4%) |  |
Family history of UI | ||||
 No | 1187 (95.5%) | 612 (51.6%) | 575 (48.4%) | 0.180 |
 Yes | 56 (4.5%) | 34 (60.7%) | 22 (39.3%) |  |
Gestational diabetes mellitus | ||||
 No | 959 (77.2%) | 498 (51.9%) | 461 (48.1%) | 0.957 |
 Yes | 284 (22.8%) | 148 (52.1%) | 136 (47.9%) |  |
History of urinary tract infection | ||||
 No | 1052 (84.6%) | 525 (49.9%) | 527 (50.1%) | 0.001 |
 Yes | 191 (15.4%) | 121 (63.4%) | 70 (36.6%) |  |
Constipation | ||||
 No | 1032 (83.0%) | 533 (51.6%) | 499 (48.4%) | 0.613 |
 Yes | 211 (17.0%) | 113 (53.6%) | 98 (46.4%) |  |
Pre-pregnancy body mass index | 21.1 ± 2.8 | 21.2 ± 2.8 | 21.0 ± 2.7 | 0.157 |
History of childbirth | ||||
 No | 788 (63.4%) | 380 (48.2%) | 408 (51.8%) | < 0.001 |
 Cesarean section | 230 (18.5%) | 112 (48.7%) | 118 (51.3%) |  |
 Vaginal birth | 225 (18.1%) | 154 (68.4%) | 71 (31.6%) |  |
UI before pregnancy | ||||
 No | 1088 (87.5%) | 519 (47.7%) | 569 (52.3%) | < 0.001 |
 Yes | 155 (12.5%) | 127 (81.9%) | 28 (18.1%) |  |