Table 1 Inclusion/exclusion criteria

Diagnosed with ESRD (chronic renal failure stage 5)

Patients with end-stage renal disease who are treated with peritoneal dialysis or renal transplantation

Undergoes hemodialysis for at least 3 months

Patients with terminal illness (e.g., cancer)

Lives within the Saudi culture. In addition to Saudis, people from neighboring countries (e.g., Yemen, Iraq and Arabian Gulf countries) who live in Saudi Arabia but are not ethnically Saudis and do not hold a Saudi nationality were included

Patients with communication barriers (e.g., aphasia, hearing loss and non-Arabic and non-English speaker)

Age between 21 and 65 years old

Patients with cognitive impairment