Table 1 Demographic characteristics of both control and study groups in the study

Male (n (%))

9(56)

4(27)

0.113¹

Female (n (%))

6(38)

11(73)

Other (n (%))

1(6)

0(0)

Age (mean/years)

35

40

0.308²

Weight (mean/kg)

68

74

0.170²

Height (mean/cm)

173

166

0.054²

Ethnicity (n (%))

White

9(56)

11(73)

0.699¹

Asian

3(19)

1(7)

Other

4(25)

3(20)

Country (n (%))

UK

3(19)

9(60)

France

1(6)

0(0)

Portugal

6(38)

0(0)

India

2(13)

0(0)

Germany

1(6)

0(0)

Morocco

3(19)

3(20)

Canada

0(0)

1(7)

Ireland

0(0)

1(7)

Belgium

0(0)

1(7)

Medical history (n (%))

long COVID symptoms

0(0)

15(100)

 < 0.001*¹

COVID-19 in the past

0(0)

15(100)

 < 0.001*¹

Organ transplant

0(0)

0(0)

NA

Major surgeries

1(6)

2(13)

0.953¹

Cancer diagnosis

0(0)

0(0)

NA

Cystic fibrosis

0(0)

1(7)

0.974¹

Asthma

0(0)

7(47)

0.007*¹

COPD

0(0)

0(0)

NA

Diabetes: type 1

0(0)

0(0)

NA

Diabetes: type 2

6(38)

0(0)

NA

High cholesterol

1(6)

2(13)

0.436¹

High blood pressure

0(0)

2(13)

0.953¹

Stroke

0(0)

0(0)

NA

Family history (n (%))

Cystic fibrosis (family history)

0(0)

1(7)

0.974¹

Asthma (family history)

2(13)

3(20)

0.937¹

COPD (family history)

0(0)

2(13)

0.436¹

Diabetes: type 1 (family history)

0(0)

1(7)

0.974¹

Diabetes: type 2 (family history)

6(38)

2(13)

0.260¹

High Cholesterol (family history)

2(13)

5(33)

0.587¹

High blood pressure (family history)

2(13)

4(27)

0.339¹

Stroke (family history)

2(13)

3(20)

0.937¹

Drug history (n (%))

Prescribed medications

0(0)

10(67)

 < 0.001*¹

Non-prescribed or homoeopathic medications

1(6)

4(27)

0.291¹

Immunosuppressant drugs

0(0)

1(7)

0.974¹

Allergies

2(13)

8(53)

0.041*¹

Pregnancy (n (%))

0(0)

0(0)

NA

Social history (n (%))

Assistance with self-care needs

0(0)

1(7)

0.974¹

Mobility issues

0(0)

1(7)

0.974¹

Does own shopping

16(100)

12(80)

0.203¹

Current smoker

2(13)

0(0)

0.494¹

Former smoker

4(25)

3(20)

0.499¹

Physical activity

16(100)

12(80)

0.203¹

Sleep history (n (%))

Sleeping difficulty

3(19)

12(80)

0.007*¹

Falling asleep difficulty

3(19)

7(47)

0.446¹

Staying asleep difficulty

2(13)

9(60)

0.169¹

Sleep apnoea

2(13)

3(20)

0.358¹

Dietary habits (n (%))

Healthy

2(13)

12(80)

 < 0.001*¹

Unhealthy

14(88)

3(20)

Weight category (n (%))

Underweight

0(0)

1(7)

0.203¹

Average

16(100)

12(80)

Overweight

0(0)

2(13)

Employment (n (%))

Part time

0(0)

4(27)

Full time

13(81)

6(40)

Self-employed

3(19)

0(0)

Unable to work

0(0)

1(7)

Homemaker

0(0)

1(7)

Student

0(0)

1(7)