Table 1 Descriptive statistics of the study participants
|  | Total (n = 7009) | Men (n = 3232) | Women (n = 3777) | Values* | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (year) | 46.8 ± 14.6 | 46.9 ± 15.3 | 46.7 ± 13.9 | 0.59a | 0.558 |
Marital status | |||||
 Single/divorced/widowed | 1570 (22.4) | 665 (20.6) | 905 (24.0) | 11.5b | < 0.001 |
 Married | 5439 (77.6) | 2567 (79.4) | 2872 (76.0) |  |  |
Level of education | |||||
 Primary | 1692 (24.1) | 635 (19.6) | 1057 (28.0) | 70.2b | < 0.001 |
 Secondary | 2837 (40.5) | 1349 (41.7) | 1488 (39.4) |  |  |
 Higher | 2480 (35.4) | 1248 (38.6) | 1232 (32.6) |  |  |
Job status | |||||
 Unemployed/student/housewife | 2887 (41.2) | 218 (6.7) | 2669 (70.7) | 3005.4b | < 0.001 |
 Unemployed, but had other sources of income | 978 (14.0) | 603 (18.7) | 375 (9.9) |  |  |
 Employed | 3144 (44.9) | 2411 (74.6) | 733 (19.4) |  |  |
Physical activity | |||||
 Low | 2256 (32.2) | 1213 (37.5) | 1043 (27.6) | 352.2b | < 0.001 |
 Moderate | 3520 (50.2) | 1246 (38.6) | 2274 (60.2) |  |  |
 High | 1233 (17.6) | 773 (23.9) | 460 (12.2) |  |  |
Smoking | |||||
 Yes | 1563 (22.3) | 1360 (42.1) | 203 (5.4) | 1354.2b | < 0.001 |
 No | 5446 (77.7) | 1872 (57.9) | 3574 (94.6) |  |  |
Cardio-metabolic risk factors | |||||
 Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.1 ± 4.9 | 27.5 ± 4.4 | 28.4 ± 5.3 | − 9.10a | < 0.001 |
 Fasting blood sugar | 98.8 ± 28.3 | 100.5 ± 28.9 | 97.3 ± 27.6 | 4.78a | < 0.001 |
 Total cholesterol | 186.1 ± 39.3 | 183.5 ± 38.7 | 188.4 ± 39.6 | − 5.21a | < 0.001 |
 HDL | 47.1 ± 11.2 | 42.6 ± 9.6 | 50.8 ± 11.0 | − 33.2a | < 0.001 |
 Triglyceride | 123 (86.0–175.0) | 135 (95.0–192.0) | 114 (80.0–160.0) | − 13.6c | < 0.001 |
 Systolic blood pressure | 114.7 ± 16.5 | 118.4 ± 15.3 | 111.5 ± 16.9 | 18.1a | < 0.001 |
 Diastolic blood pressure | 76.1 ± 9.8 | 78.5 ± 9.6 | 74.0 ± 9.5 | 19.1a | < 0.001 |
Body weight status | |||||
 Normal weight | 1918 (27.4) | 913 (28.2) | 1005 (26.6) | 100.9b | < 0.001 |
 Overweight | 2979 (42.5) | 1531 (47.4) | 1448 (38.3) |  |  |
 Obese | 2112 (30.1) | 788 (24.4) | 1324 (35.1) |  |  |
Diabetes (yes) | 1048 (15.0) | 474 (14.7) | 574 (15.2) | 0.39b | 0.534 |
Hypertension (yes) | 1577 (22.5) | 769 (23.8) | 808 (21.4) | 5.76b | 0.016 |
CVD (yes) | 457 (6.5) | 292 (9.0) | 165 (4.4) | 62.2b | < 0.001 |
Chronic kidney diseases (yes) | 1630 (23.3) | 502 (15.5) | 1128 (29.9) | 200.5b | < 0.001 |
Cancer (yes) | 88 (1.3) | 34 (1.1) | 54 (1.4) | 2.0b | 0.157 |