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Table 4 Associations between independent variables with specific dimension of HRQoL at univariate analysis (n = 366)

From: Health-related quality of life profiles and their dimension-specific associated factors among Malaysian stroke survivors: a cross sectional study

Variables

Mobility

Self-care

Usual activities

Pain/discomfort

Anxiety/depression

With problems

No problems

With problems

No problems

With problems

No problems

With problems

No problems

With problems

No problems

(n = 311)

(n = 55)

(n = 150)

(n = 216)

(n = 299)

(n = 67)

(n = 231)

(n = 135)

(n = 188)

(n = 178)

Age

          

< 60 years

141 (83)

29 (17)

62 (37)

108 (64)

143 (84)

27 (16)

114 (67)

56 (33)

99 (58)

71 (42)

≥ 60 years

170 (87)

26 (13)

88 (45)

108 (55)

156 (80)

40 (20)

117 (60)

79 (40)

89 (45)

107 (55)

P-value

0.311

0.102

0.264

0.145

0.014

Sex

          

Female

143 (89)

18 (11)

68 (42)

93 (58)

129 (80)

32 (20)

104 (65)

57 (35)

88 (55)

73 (45)

Male

168 (82)

37 (18)

82 (40)

123 (60)

170 (83)

35 (17)

127 (62)

78 (38)

100 (49)

105 (51)

P-value

0.068

0.666

0.491

0.603

0.264

Marital status

          

Married

231 (85)

41 (15)

106 (39)

166 (61)

223 (82)

49 (18)

170 (63)

102 (37)

136 (50)

136 (50)

Single

18 (82)

4 (18)

11 (50)

11 (50)

17 (77)

5 (23)

15 (68)

7 (32)

14 (64)

8 (36)

Divorced

10 (83)

2 (17)

6 (50)

6 (50)

11 (92)

1 (8)

11 (92)

1 (8)

10 (83)

2 (17)

Widowed

52 (87)

8 (13)

27 (45)

33 (55)

48 (80)

12 (20)

35 (58)

25 (42)

28 (47)

32 (53)

P-value

0.954

0.573

0.749

0.166

0.073

Education

          

Tertiary

34 (81)

8 (19)

15 (36)

27 (64)

32 (76)

10 (24)

25 (60)

17 (40)

22 (52)

20 (48)

Secondary

171 (87)

25 (13)

76 (39)

120 (61)

165 (84)

31 (16)

132 (67)

64 (33)

99 (51)

97 (49)

Primary

106 (83)

22 (17)

59 (46)

69 (54)

102 (80)

26 (20)

74 (58)

54 (42)

67 (52)

61 (48)

P-value

0.408

0.323

0.366

0.193

0.94

Working status

          

Employed

27 (64)

15 (36)

6 (14)

36 (86)

25 (60)

17 (41)

32 (76)

10 (24)

19 (45)

23 (55)

Unemployed

284 (88)

40 (12)

144 (44)

180 (56)

274 (85)

50 (15)

199 (61)

125 (39)

169 (52)

155 (48)

P-value

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.062

0.398

Income

          

< MYR 3000

67 (84)

13 (16)

25 (31)

55 (69)

61 (76)

19 (24)

52 (65)

28 (35)

38 (48)

42 (52)

≥ MYR 3000

244 (85)

42 (15)

125 (44)

161 (56)

238 (83)

48 (17)

179 (63)

107 (37)

150 (52)

136 (48)

P-value

0.729

0.045

0.154

0.693

0.434

Number of comorbidities

          

0–2

133 (85)

23 (15)

61 (39)

95 (61)

127 (81)

29 (19)

96 (62)

60 (38)

81 (52)

75 (48)

3–4

162 (86)

27 (14)

79 (42)

110 (58)

156 (83)

33 (17)

120 (64)

69 (36)

94 (50)

95 (50)

≥ 5

16 (76)

5 (24)

10 (48)

11 (52)

16 (76)

5 (24)

15 (71)

6 (29)

13 (62)

8 (38)

P-value

0.507

0.718

0.769

0.67

0.562

Obesity

          

No

233 (88)

31 (12)

122 (46)

142 (54)

228 (86)

36 (14)

168 (64)

96 (36)

142 (54)

122 (46)

Yes

78 (77)

24 (23)

28 (28)

74 (72)

71 (70)

31 (30)

63 (62)

39 (38)

46 (45)

56 (55)

P-value

0.005

0.001

 < 0.001

0.739

0.136

Smoking status

          

Never smoke

194 (86)

32 (14)

93 (41)

133 (59)

182 (81)

44(19)

149 (66)

77 (34)

120 (53)

106 (47)

Ex-smoker

101 (88)

14 (12)

51 (44)

64 (56)

98 (85)

17 (15)

68 (59)

47 (41)

56 (49)

59 (51)

Smoking

16 (64)

9 (36)

6 (24)

19 (76)

19 (76)

6 (24)

14 (56)

11 (44)

12 (48)

13 (52)

P-value

0.009

0.172

0.427

0.351

0.7

Types of strokes

          

Ischaemic

237 (83)

47 (17)

112 (39)

172 (61)

226 (80)

58 (20)

181 (64)

103 (36)

141 (50)

143 (50)

Haemorrhagic

74 (90)

8 (10)

38 (46)

44 (54)

73 (89)

9 (11)

50 (61)

32 (39)

47 (57)

35 (43)

P-value

0.129

0.263

0.051

0.649

0.221

Time since stroke

          

< 12 months

155 (83)

32 (17)

68 (36)

119 (64)

151 (81)

36 (19)

119 (64)

68 (36)

98 (52)

89 (48)

≥ 12 months

156 (87)

23 (13)

82 (46)

97 (54)

148 (83)

31 (17)

112 (63)

67 (37)

90 (50)

89 (50)

P-value

0.254

0.066

0.633

0.833

0.683

Number of stroke episodes

          

First

244 (84)

48 (16)

108 (37)

184 (63)

235 (81)

57 (19)

178 (61)

114 (39)

145 (50)

147 (50)

Recurrent

67 (91)

7 (9)

42 (57)

32 (43)

64 (87)

10 (13)

53 (72)

21 (28)

43 (58)

31 (42)

P-value

0.133

0.002

0.233

0.09

0.194

Location of stroke

          

Left

153 (86)

25 (14)

71 (40)

107 (60)

146 (82)

32 (18)

113 (64)

65 (36)

90 (51)

88 (49)

Right

111 (84)

22 (16)

57 (43)

76 (57)

111 (84)

22 (16)

90 (68)

43 (32)

73(55)

60 (45)

Unspecified

44 (86)

7 (14)

21 (41)

30 (59)

40 (78)

11 (22)

26 (51)

25 (49)

22 (43)

29 (57)

Bilateral

3 (75)

1 (25)

1 (25)

3 (75)

2 (50)

2 (50)

2 (50)

2 (50)

3 (75)

1 (25)

P-value

0.722

0.899

0.31

0.166

0.406

Aphasia

          

No

205 (83)

41 (17)

82 (33)

164 (67)

185 (75)

61 (25)

163 (66)

83 (34)

120 (49)

126 (51)

Yes

106 (88)

14 (12)

68 (57)

52 (43)

114 (95)

6 (5)

68 (57)

52 (43)

68 (57)

52 (43)

P-value

0.209

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.074

0.156

Malnutrition risk

          

Low

171 (79)

45 (21)

64 (30)

152 (70)

161 (75)

55 (25)

137 (63)

79 (37)

99 (46)

117 (54)

High

140 (93)

10 (7)

86 (57)

64 (43)

138 (92)

12 (8)

94 (63)

56 (37)

89 (59)

61 (41)

P-value

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.882

0.011

Physical activity

          

Moderate to high

99 (78)

28 (22)

21 (17)

106 (83)

87 (69)

40 (31)

88 (69)

39 (31)

60 (47)

67 (53)

Low

212 (89)

27 (11)

129 (54)

110 (46)

212 (89)

27 (11)

143 (60)

96 (40)

128 (54)

111 (46)

P-value

0.006

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.074

0.25

Respondents

          

Patient

221 (83)

44 (17)

80 (30)

185 (70)

202 (76)

63 (24)

173 (65)

92 (35)

120 (45)

145 (55)

Proxy

90 (89)

11 (11)

70 (69)

31 (31)

97 (96)

4 (4)

58 (57)

43 (43)

68 (67)

33 (33)

P-value

0.172

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.164

< 0.001

Wheelchair user

          

No

207 (79)

55 (21)

55 (21)

207 (79)

196 (75)

66 (25)

166 (63)

96 (37)

122 (47)

140 (53)

Yes

104 (100)

0 (0)

95 (91)

9 (9)

103 (99)

1 (1)

65(63)

39 (37)

66 (64)

38 (36)

P-value

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.878

0.004

  1. High malnutrition risk = MRST-H scores ≥ 2 points; Low malnutrition risk = MRST-H scores < 2 points; Moderate to high physical activity level = IPAQ scores ≥ 600 MET-min/week; Low physical activity level = IPAQ scores < 600 MET-min/week; Obesity = Body mass index ≥ 27.5 kg/m2; Comorbidities = hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia, ischaemic heart disease, atrial fibrillation, chronic kidney diseases, liver diseases, pulmonary diseases, arthritis, gout, Parkinson, and mood disorder; Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test was applied with significance level set at p < 0.05
  2. MET, metabolic equivalent of task values; MRST-H, Malnutrition Risk Screening Tool-Hospital; IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire
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Health and Quality of Life Outcomes

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