Health-related quality of life in a general population sample in Kazakhstan and its sociodemographic and occupational determinants

Table 3 PCS and MCS and their demographic, socioeconomic and lifestyle predictors in the univariate analyses

Variable	PCS			MCS
Variable	Beta	Beta 95% CI	p	Beta	Beta 95% CI	p
Age	− 0.20	− 0.23; − 0.17	< 0.001	− 0.07	− 0.09; − 0.04	< 0.001
Sex (reference—male)	− 2.19	− 3.05; − 1.34	< 0.001	− 3.38	− 4.30; − 2.46	< 0.001
Education (reference—secondary or high school)	− 0.49	− 1.57; 0.59	0.38	− 0.85	− 2.02; 0.36	0.15
Monthly income (reference—below 10,000 tenge)	3.20	2.31; 4.08	< 0.001	1.15	0.17; 2.12	< 0.05
Current cigarette smoking (reference—never or former)	1.50	0.52; 2.48	< 0.01	1.31	0.25; 2.37	< 0.05
Exposure to SHS (reference—no)	2.40	1.54; 3.27	< 0.001	0.82	− 0.13; 1.77	0.09
Waterpipe smoking (reference—no)	5.44	4.00; 6.88	< 0.001	1.48	− 0.11; 3.06	0.07
Electronic cigarette use (reference—no)	4.67	2.16; 7.19	< 0.001	1.67	− 1.05; 4.43	0.23
Regular physical activity (reference—no)	2.48	1.55; 3.40	< 0.001	2.27	1.26; 3.27	< 0.001
Alcohol use (reference—never)	1.48	0.62; 2.34	< 0.001	− 0.04	− 0.97; 0.90	0.94

PCS physical component score, MCS mental component score, SHS secondhand smoke, CI confidence interval

ISSN: 1477-7525