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Table 5 Relationships between socio-demographic and clinical variables and PAID

From: Cultural adaptation and psychometric evaluation of the Kinyarwanda version of the problem areas in diabetes (PAID) questionnaire

 

Emotional problemsa (range 0–60)

Treatment problemsa (range 0–10)

Food-related problemsa (range 0–15)

Social support problemsa (range 0–15)

Total scorea (range 0–100)

Gender

Female, median (IQR)

32.5 (23.75–41.25)

5 (2.5–7.5)

7.5 (5–11.25)

2.5 (1.25–7.5)

47.5 (36.25–62.5)

Male, median (IQR)

31.25 (23.75–41.25)

3.75 (2.5–6.25)

7.5 (5–8.75)

2.5 (1.25–6.25)

47.5 (33.75–60)

Mann–Whitney test

z = 0.227,

p = 0.821

z = 1.167,

p = 0.244

z = 0.630,

p = 0.530

z = 0.589,

p = 0.557

z = 0.737,

p = 0.462

ES

r = 0.014

r = 0.072

r = 0.039

r = 0.036

r = 0.045

Age, Spearman’s correlation

rs =  − 0.069

p = 0.263

rs = 0.017

p = 0.780

rs = 0.072

p = 0.244

rs =  − 0.075

p = 0.224

rs =  − 0.046

p = 0.451

Age

21–44 years, median (IQR)

32.5 (25–42.5)

3.75 (2.5–6.25)

6.25 (5–10)

3.75 (1.25–7.5)

48.75 (36.25–61.25)

45–54 years, median (IQR)

31.25 (21.25–41.25)

5 (1.25–6.25)

8.75 (5–11.25)

2.5 (0–5)

47.5 (35–63.75)

55–64 years, median (IQR)

31.25 (23.75–41.25)

5 (2.5–7.5)

7.5 (5–11.25)

2.5 (1.25–6.25)

46.25 (33.75–60.625)

Kruskal Wallis H

H(2) = 0.935,

p = 0.627

H(2) = 0.493,

p = 0.782

H(2) = 1.414,

p = 0.493

H(2) = 4.118,

p = 0.128

H(2) = 0.815,

p = 0.665

Area of residency

Urban, median (IQR)

29.375 (18.75–39.375)

3.75 (1.25–6.25)

6.25 (5–10)

2.5 (0–6.875)

45 (26.875–56.875)

Rural or semi, median (IQR)

32.5 (25–42.5)

5 (2.5–7.5)

7.5 (5–10)

2.5 (1.25–6.25)

49.375 (37.5–63.125)

Mann–Whitney test

z =  − 2.211,

p = 0.027

z =  − 1.684

p = 0.092

z =  − 1.355,

p = 0.176

z =  − 1.612,

p = 0.107

z =  − 2.133,

p = 0.033

ES

r =  − 0.136

r =  − 0.104

r =  − 0.083

r =  − 0.099

r =  − 0.131

Years of completed education, Spearman’s correlation

rs =  − 0.214

p = 0.001

rs =  − 0.203

p = 0.001

rs =  − 0.115

p = 0.061

rs =  − 0.214

p = 0.001

rs =  − 0.240

p < 0.001

Highest degree obtained

No formal education or primary school, median (IQR)

33.75 (26.25–43.75)

5 (2.5–7.5)

7.5 (5–11.25)

3.75 (1.25–7.5)

51.25 (41.25–63.75)

Secondary school, university, vocational school or postgraduate, median (IQR)

26.875 (20–35.635)

3.75 (1.25–6.25)

7.5 (5–8.75)

2.5 (0–5)

41.25 (30–52.5)

Mann–Whitney test

z = 3.777,

p < 0.001

z = 3.406,

p = 0.001

z = 1.635,

p = 0.102

z = 2.183,

p = 0.029

z = 3.818,

p < 0.001

ES

r = 0.233

r = 0.210

r = 0.101

r = 0.135

r = 0.236

Self-rated overall health, Spearman’s correlation

rs =  − 0.245

p < 0.001

rs =  − 0.078

p = 0.205

rs =  − 0.183

p = 0.003

rs =  − 0.306

p < 0.001

rs =  − 0.266

p < 0.001

Moderate, poor, very poor, median (IQR)

33.75 (26.25–43.75)

5 (2.5–6.25)

7.5 (5–11.25)

3.75 (1.25–7.5)

52.5 (41.25–65_

Very good or good, median (IQR)

27.5 (20–35.635)

3.75 (1.25–6.875)

6.25 (5–8.75)

1.25 (0–5)

42.5 (28.125–52.5)

Mann–Whitney test

z = 3.617,

p < 0.001

z = 1.136,

p = 0.258

z = 2.183,

p = 0.029

z = 4.172,

p < 0.001

z = 3.787,

p < 0.001

ES

r = 0.222

r = 0.070

r = 0.134

r = 0.256

r = 0.233

Types of diabetes

Type I, median (IQR)

30 (25–38.75)

3.75 (1.25–6.25)

6.25 (5–8.75)

2.5 (1.25–6.25)

47.5 (31.25–56.25)

Type II, median (IQR)

31.25 (23.75–41.875)

5 (2.5–6.875)

7.5 (5–10.625)

2.5 (0.625–6.25)

47.5 (36.25–62.5)

Mann–Whitney test

z =  − 0.681,

p = 0.499

z =  − 0.767,

p = 0.446

z =  − 1.960,

p = 0.050

z =  − 0.265,

p = 0.794

z =  − 0.874,

p = 0.385

ES

r =  − 0.043

r =  − 0.048

r =  − 0.123

r =  − 0.017

r =  − 0.055

Years since diagnosis, Spearman’s correlation

rs = 0.087

p = 0.155

rs = 0.084

p = 0.171

rs = 0.019

p = 0.763

rs = 0.140

p = 0.022

rs = 0.100

p = 0.104

Years of duration of diabetes

Up to 2 years, median (IQR)

31.25 (21.25–37.5)

3.75 (1.25–6.25)

7.5 (5–10)

2.5 (0–5)

45 (33.75–57.5)

3 to 5 years, median (IQR)

32.5 (24.375–41.25)

3.75 (2.5–6.25)

8.75 (6.25–10)

2.5 (1.25–5)

50 (38.125–61.875)

6 or more years, median (IQR)

32.5 (25–42.5)

5 (2.5–7.5)

7.5 (5–10.625)

5 (1.25–7.5)

48.75 (38.125–63.75)

Kruskal Wallis H

H(2) = 2.853,

p = 0.240

H(2) = 2.681,

p = 0.262

H(2) = 1.581,

p = 0.454

H(2) = 4.293,

p = 0.117

H(2) = 3.056,

p = 0.217

  1. SD standard deviation, IQR interquartile range, ES effect size
  2. aThe total PAID score is the sum of the 20 items multiplied by 1.25. The four scales of the Spanish model are calculated in a similar way