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Table 2 EQ-VAS, EQ index value and reported problems (percentage) in EQ-5D dimensions of pregnant women in different conditions cross five gestational stages

From: Health-related quality of life in different trimesters during pregnancy

Condition

Trimester-specific

Overall

P value

1st

Early 2nd

Late 2nd

Early 3rd

Late 3rd

Singleton

n = 48

n = 107

n = 171

n = 234

n = 313

n = 873

 

EQ-VASa

89.44 (10.12)

87.33 (9.35)

88.31 (8.99)

88.4 (8.85)

87.25 (9.05)

87.9 (9.09)

0.347

EQ index valueb

0.79 (0.31)

0.89 (0.12)

0.87 (0.13)

0.84 (0.19)

0.82 (0.15)

0.84 (0.17)

 < 0.001*

Mobility

12 (25.0)

8 (7.5)

16 (9.4)

49 (20.9)

76 (24.3)

161 (18.4)

 < 0.001*

Self-care

7 (14.6)

1 (0.9)

9 (5.3)

26 (11.1)

40 (12.8)

83 (9.5)

 < 0.001*

Usual activity

9 (18.8)

5 (4.7)

23 (13.5)

43 (18.4)

65 (20.8)

145 (16.6)

0.002*

Pain/discomfort

41 (85.4)

41 (38.3)

70 (40.9)

96 (41.0)

167 (53.3)

415 (47.5)

 < 0.001*

Anxiety/depression

28 (58.3)

28 (26.2)

50 (29.2)

60 (25.6)

103 (33.0)

269 (30.8)

 < 0.001*

Multiple pregancy

n = 0

n = 7

n = 2

n = 10

n = 8

n = 27

 

EQ-VASa

–

88.14 (10.61)

92.5 (10.61)

81.5 (11.07)

86.88 (13.61)

85.63 (11.62)

–

EQ index valueb

–

0.87 (0.13)

0.63 (0.06)

0.72 (0.15)

0.69 (0.09)

0.74 (0.14)

–

Mobility

–

1 (14.3)

1 (50.0)

6 (60.0)

6 (75.0)

14 (51.9)

–

Self-care

–

1 (14.3)

1 (50.0)

5 (50.0)

3 (37.5)

10 (37.0)

–

Usual activity

–

0 (0.0)

1 (50.0)

4 (40.0)

3 (37.5)

8 (29.6)

–

Pain/discomfort

–

3 (42.9)

2 (100.0)

7 (70.0)

6 (75.0)

18 (66.7)

–

Anxiety/depression

–

2 (28.6)

2 (100.0)

3 (30.0)

4 (50.0)

11 (40.7)

–

Primipara

n = 38

n = 101

n = 128

n = 174

n = 280

n = 721

 

EQ-VASa

89.29 (10.54)

87.98 (8.68)

88.05 (8.43)

87.7 (8.60)

87.03 (9.26)

87.62 (8.95)

0.555

EQ index valueb

0.79 (0.30)

0.89 (0.12)

0.86 (0.13)

0.83 (0.20)

0.81 (0.15)

0.83 (0.17)

 < 0.001*

Mobility

9 (23.7)

8 (7.9)

12 (9.4)

39 (22.4)

69 (24.6)

137 (19.0)

 < 0.001*

Self-care

5 (13.2)

2 (2.0)

8 (6.3)

21 (12.1)

39 (13.9)

75 (10.4)

0.005*

Usual activity

8 (21.1)

5 (5.0)

21 (16.4)

34 (19.5)

58 (20.7)

126 (17.5)

0.007*

Pain/discomfort

17 (44.7)

39 (38.6)

55 (43.0)

77 (44.3)

158 (56.4)

346 (48.0)

0.007*

Anxiety/depression

10 (26.3)

27 (26.7)

42 (32.8)

48 (27.6)

96 (34.3)

223 (30.9)

0.432

Multipara

n = 11

n = 13

n = 47

n = 72

n = 44

n = 187

 

EQ-VASa

90.91 (8.89)

82.69 (13.17)

89.04 (10.30)

89.33 (9.94)

88.89 (8.18)

88.79 (9.89)

0.223

EQ index valueb

0.81 (0.34)

0.9 (0.13)

0.87 (0.14)

0.85 (0.17)

0.84 (0.15)

0.86 (0.17)

0.544

Mobility

3 (27.3)

1 (7.7)

5 (10.6)

17 (23.6)

15 (34.1)

42 (22.5)

0.057

Self-care

2 (18.2)

0 (0.0)

2 (4.3)

10 (13.9)

6 (13.6)

20 (10.7)

0.247

Usual activity

1 (9.0)

0 (0.0)

3 (6.4)

14 (19.4)

12 (27.3)

30 (16.0)

0.028*

Pain/discomfort

4 (36.4)

5 (38.5)

18 (38.3)

27 (37.5)

18 (41.0)

72 (38.5)

0.997

Anxiety/depression

4 (36.4)

3 (2.3)

12 (25.5)

15 (20.8)

12 (27.3)

56 (29.9)

0.812

Non-smoking partner

n = 44

n = 97

n = 146

n = 208

n = 278

n = 773

 

EQ-VASa

89.27 (10.60)

87.4 (9.63)

87.89 (9.18)

87.88 (9.21)

87.45 (9.18)

87.75 (9.32)

0.797

EQ index valueb

0.78 (0.32)

0.89 (0.12)

0.86 (0.14)

0.83 (0.19)

0.82 (0.15)

0.84 (0.17)

 < 0.001*

Mobility

12 (27.3)

6 (6.2)

13 (8.9)

48 (23.1)

71 (25.5)

150 (19.4)

 < 0.001*

Self-care

7 (15.9)

2 (2.1)

7 (4.8)

27 (13.0)

37 (13.3)

80 (10.3)

0.001*

Usual activity

9 (20.5)

4 (4.1)

21 (14.4)

42 (20.2)

58 (20.9)

134 (17.3)

0.002*

Pain/discomfort

19 (43.2)

38 (39.2)

62 (42.5)

89 (42.8)

152 (54.7)

360 (46.6)

0.018*

Anxiety/depression

13 (29.5)

26 (26.8)

43 (29.5)

51 (24.5)

93 (33.5)

226 (29.2)

0.297

Smoking partner

n = 5

n = 17

n = 29

n = 38

n = 46

n = 135

 

EQ-VASa

93 (2.74)

87.24 (8.06)

90.48 (7.50)

89.76 (7.89)

86.24 (8.81)

88.52 (8.19)

0.088

EQ index valueb

0.91 (0.12)

0.88 (0.12)

0.86 (0.13)

0.83 (0.19)

0.81 (0.13)

0.84 (0.15)

0.394

Mobility

0 (0.0)

3 (17.6)

4 (3.4)

8 (21.1)

13 (28.3)

28 (20.7)

0.428

Self-care

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

3 (10.3)

4 (10.5)

9 (19.6)

16 (11.9)

0.222

Usual activity

0 (0.0)

1 (5.9)

3 (10.3)

6 (15.8)

12 (26.1)

22 (16.3)

0.177

Pain/discomfort

2 (40.0)

6 (35.3)

11 (37.9)

15 (39.5)

24 (52.2)

58 (43.0)

0.643

Anxiety/depression

1 (20.0)

4 (23.5)

11 (37.9)

12 (31.6)

15 (32.6)

43 (31.9)

0.849

Sober partner

n = 48

n = 110

n = 161

n = 223

n = 291

n = 833

 

EQ-VASa

89.65 (10.23)

87.35 (9.52)

88.4 (9.18)

88.35 (8.69)

87.27 (9.26)

87.93 (9.19)

0.343

EQ index valueb

0.79 (0.31)

0.89 (0.12)

0.86 (0.14)

0.83 (0.20)

0.82 (0.15)

0.84 (0.17)

 < 0.001*

Mobility

12 (25.0)

8 (7.3)

15 (9.3)

51 (22.9)

74 (25.4)

160 (19.2)

 < 0.001*

Self-care

7 (14.6)

2 (1.8)

9 (5.6)

28 (12.6)

41 (14.1)

87 (10.4)

 < 0.001*

Usual activity

9 (18.8)

5 (4.5)

23 (14.3)

43 (19.3)

60 (20.6)

140 (16.8)

0.002*

Pain/discomfort

20 (41.7)

42 (38.2)

67 (41.6)

93 (41.7)

157 (54.0)

379 (45.5)

0.010*

Anxiety/depression

13 (27.1)

29 (26.4)

49 (30.4)

56 (25.1)

94 (32.3)

241 (28.9)

0.434

Drunk partner

n = 1

n = 4

n = 14

n = 23

n = 33

n = 75

 

EQ-VASa

90 (–)

88.25 (4.72)

87.36 (5.83)

86.43 (11.91)

87.33 (7.98)

87.15 (8.77)

0.988

EQ index valueb

0.74 (–)

0.87 (0.15)

0.84 (0.11)

0.84 (0.14)

0.79 (0.11)

0.82 (0.13)

0.431

Mobility

0 (0.0)

1 (25.0)

2 (14.3)

5 (21.7)

10 (30.3)

18 (24.0)

0.768

Self-care

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (7.1)

3 (13.0)

4 (12.1)

8 (10.7)

0.911

Usual activity

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (7.1)

5 (21.7)

10 (30.3)

16 (21.3)

0.329

Pain/discomfort

1 (100.0)

2 (50.0)

6 (42.9)

11 (47.8)

19 (57.6)

39 (52.0)

0.741

Anxiety/depression

1 (100.0)

1 (25.0)

5 (35.7)

7 (30.4)

14 (42.4)

28 (37.3)

0.594

Cardiovascular diseases

n = 0

n = 2

n = 1

n = 2

n = 2

n = 7

 

EQ-VASa

–

87.5 (10.61)

90 (–)

85 (14.14)

60 (28.28)

79.29 (19.02)

–

EQ index valueb

–

0.86 (0.19)

0.69 (–)

0.82 (0.26)

0.66 (0.22)

0.77 (0.19)

–

Mobility

–

1 (50.0)

1 (100.0)

1 (50.0)

1 (50.0)

4 (57.1)

–

Self-care

–

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (50.0)

1 (14.3)

–

Usual activity

–

0 (0.0)

1 (100.0)

1 (50.0)

1 (50.0)

3 (42.9)

–

Pain/discomfort

–

1 (50.0)

1 (100.0)

1 (50.0)

2 (100.0)

5 (71.4)

–

Anxiety/depression

–

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (50.0)

1 (50.0)

2 (28.6)

–

Hepatitis B

n = 1

n = 3

n = 2

n = 3

n = 10

n = 19

 

EQ-VASa

100 (–)

95 (5.00)

92.5 (10.61)

91.67 (2.89)

84.8 (10.51)

89.11 (9.50)

0.302

EQ index valueb

0.81 (–)

0.82 (0.01)

1 (0.00)

0.86 (0.13)

0.85 (0.14)

0.86 (0.12)

0.554

Mobility

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (10.0)

1 (5.3)

0.917

Self-care

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (33.3)

0 (0.0)

1 (5.3)

0.229

Usual activity

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (33.3)

2 (20.0)

3 (15.8)

0.744

Pain/discomfort

1 (100.0)

2 (66.7)

2 (100.0)

1 (33.3)

4 (40.0)

10 (52.6)

0.403

Anxiety/depression

0 (0.0)

1 (33.3)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

5 (50.0)

6 (31.6)

0.361

GDMc

n = 3

n = 12

n = 23

n = 33

n = 49

n = 120

 

EQ-VASa

88.33 (16.07)

85 (13.48)

87.83 (11.36)

85.97 (10.42)

88.84 (9.71)

87.46 (10.69)

0.717

EQ index valueb

0.75 (0.07)

0.91 (0.14)

0.86 (0.15)

0.82 (0.14)

0.85 (0.14)

0.85 (0.14)

0.254

Mobility

2 (66.7)

3 (25.0)

4 (17.4)

12 (36.4)

10 (20.4)

31 (25.8)

0.189

Self-care

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (4.3)

2 (6.1)

3 (6.1)

6 (5.0)

0.907

Usual activity

1 (33.3)

0 (0.0)

5 (21.7)

8 (24.2)

8 (16.3)

22 (18.3)

0.377

Pain/discomfort

2 (66.7)

4 (33.3)

9 (39.1)

16 (48.5)

24 (49.0)

55 (45.8)

0.739

Anxiety/depression

1 (33.3)

2 (16.7)

8 (34.8)

13 (39.4)

14 (28.6)

38 (31.7)

0.648

Scarred uterus

n = 13

n = 23

n = 36

n = 63

n = 84

n = 219

 

EQ-VASa

88.85 (11.39)

87.61 (8.24)

90.36 (8.42)

89.38 (7.64)

89.21 (8.04)

89.26 (8.19)

0.806

EQ index valueb

0.8 (0.22)

0.87 (0.13)

0.89 (0.14)

0.86 (0.13)

0.84 (0.16)

0.86 (0.15)

0.385

Mobility

6 (46.2)

5 (21.7)

4 (11.1)

16 (25.4)

19 (22.6)

50 (22.8)

0.132

Self-care

1 (7.7)

1 (4.4)

0 (0.0)

4 (6.3)

7 (8.3)

14 (6.4)

0.504

Usual activity

1 (7.7)

3 (13.0)

4 (11.1)

14 (22.2)

18 (21.4)

40 (18.3)

0.427

Pain/discomfort

6 (46.2)

9 (39.1)

9 (25.0)

22 (34.9)

38 (45.2)

84 (38.4)

0.282

Anxiety/depression

5 (38.5)

6 (26.1)

8 (22.2)

13 (20.6)

22 (26.2)

54 (24.7)

0.712

Non-complications d

n = 25

n = 78

n = 99

n = 85

n = 103

n = 390

 

EQ-VASa

87.4 (12.68)

86.74 (10.01)

89.55 (8.71)

88.32 (8.48)

88.37 (9.13)

88.27 (9.34)

0.386

EQ index valueb

0.7 (0.39)

0.89 (0.12)

0.87 (0.14)

0.8 (0.27)

0.83 (0.13)

0.83 (0.20)

 < 0.001*

Mobility

8 (32.0)

6 (7.7)

9 (9.0)

17 (20.0)

27 (26.2)

67 (17.2)

 < 0.001*

Self-care

7 (28.0)

2 (2.6)

5 (5.5)

13 (15.3)

14 (13.6)

41 (10.5)

 < 0.001*

Usual activity

6 (24.0)

5 (6.4)

10 (10.1)

17 (20.0)

19 (18.4)

57 (14.6)

0.029*

Pain/discomfort

12 (48.0)

31 (39.7)

37 (37.4)

42 (49.4)

52 (50.5)

174 (44.6)

0.268

Anxiety/depression

10 (40.0)

22 (28.2)

31 (31.1)

22 (25.9)

30 (29.1)

115 (29.5)

0.720

  1. Reported problem of each dimension: EQ-5D level 2–5; One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test was used to calculated the EQ-VAS and EQ index value. Chi square test was used to calculated the reported problems (percentage) in EQ-5D dimensions
  2. *P value < 0.05 indicates the statistical difference
  3. aEuroQol-visual analogue scale
  4. bEuroQol index value
  5. cGestational diabetes mellitus
  6. dIncluding thyroid diseases, thalassemia, obesity, etc.