Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the participants

Age (years)

80.9

(75.2–86.6)

 Age more than 75 y/o (M/F)

4/9

(72.2%)

Gender (n)

 Male

5

(27.8%)

 Female

13

(72.2%)

BMI (kg/m²)

25.2

CDR

1

(1.0–2.0)

CFS

5

(5.0–6.0)

Comorbid disease number

4

(2.8–5.0)

Comorbidities

 Hypertension

13

(72.2%)

 Diabetes mellitus

7

(38.9%)

 Visual disease

6

(33.3%)

 Musculoskeletal disease

5

(27.8%)

 Cardiovascular diseases

4

(22.2%)

 Cerebrovascular accident

2

(11.1%)

 Chronic kidney disease

2

(11.1%)

 Benign prostatic hyperplasia

2

(11.1%)

 Cancer

2

(11.1%)

 Parkinson's disease

1

(5.6%)

 Others^a

6

(33.3%)

ACCI

6

(4.0–7.0)

Laboratory data

 WBC (/μL)

6145

(5305.0–7475.0)

 Hemoglobin (g/dl)

13.4

(12.8–14.2)

 Creatinine (mg/dl)

0.9

(0.7–1.1)

 Albumin (g/dl)

4.1

(3.9–4.2)

 ALT (U/L)

14.5

(12.6–18.5)

 Cholesterol (mg/dl)

86

(74.5–124.2)

 Triglycerides (mg/dl)

156

(128.5–185.8)

 Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl)

94.5

(86.8–109.8)

Baseline CGA data

 ADL

75

(60.0–80.0)

 IADL

2.5

(1.0–3.0)

 MMSE

15

(11.5–20.0)

 GDS-5

1

(0.0–1.0)

 MNA-SF

12

(11.0–14.0)

 Hand grip strength (kg)

15.2

(13.4–21.8)

 Walking speed (s)

10.4

(7.2–17.8)

 Functional reach test (cm)

17.6

(11.0–24.2)

EQ-5D utility index

0.7

(0.4–1.0)

EQ-VAS

70

(60.0–97.5)

Attendance rate (%)

94.8

(86.8–99.4)