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Table 1 Descriptive statistics of participants by age groups

From: Impact of sleep duration, physical activity, and screen time on health-related quality of life in children and adolescents

Characteristics

Total

(N = 7555)

Age 6–8

(N = 1925)

Age 9–11

(N = 2535)

Age 12–17

(N = 3095)

P-value

Age, mean (SD)

11.5 (3.2)

7.7 (0.7)

10.5 (0.8)

14.8 (1.7)

 < 0.001*

Gender, % (n)

    

 < 0.001*

Female

55.1% (4166)

52.1% (1003)

52.3% (1325)

59.4% (1838)

 

Male

44.9% (3389)

47.9% (922)

47.7% (1210)

40.6% (1257)

 

EQ-VAS, mean (SD)

82.7 (18.5)

88.9 (18.7)

85.2 (17.6)

77.1 (17.5)

 < 0.001*

PedsQL, mean (SD)

     

Physical functioning

85.1 (14.1)

86.1 (15.5)

88.1 (12.5)

82.2 (13.8)

 < 0.001*

Emotional functioning

72.9 (19.9)

76.3 (20.7)

75.6 (19.2)

68.7 (19.2)

 < 0.001*

Social functioning

84.4 (17.0)

85.2 (18.3)

86.8 (16.0)

82.0 (16.6)

 < 0.001*

School functioning

78.4 (16.5)

80.9 (17.4)

82.2 (14.9)

73.7 (16.0)

 < 0.001*

Psychosocial health summary score

78.6 (14.9)

80.8 (15.7)

81.5 (13.9)

74.8 (14.3)

 < 0.001*

Physical health summary score

85.1 (14.1)

86.1 (15.5)

88.1 (12.5)

82.2 (13.8)

 < 0.001*

Total score

80.9 (13.4)

82.6 (14.3)

83.8 (12.3)

77.4 (12.8)

 < 0.001*

IPAQ, mean (SD)

     

Sedentary activities, min per day

312.7 (223.0)

224.5 (483.3)

287.9 (354.4)

388.0 (320.0)

 < 0.001*

Walking, min per day

73.3 (72.3)

60.3 (137.7)

82.1 (140.6)

74.2 (105.4)

 < 0.001*

Moderate activities, min per day

41.4 (42.5)

37.2 (120.8)

45.9 (87.5)

40.3 (95.5)

0.002*

Vigorous activities, min per day

32.3 (36.6)

24.9 (120.4)

35.5 (77.8)

34.3 (80.0)

 < 0.001*

Total physical MET score

4662.4 (3325.9)

3827.3 (8459.6)

5173.3 (7278.7)

4764.0 (6906.3)

 < 0.001*

IPAQ Physical level, % (n)

    

 < 0.001*

Low

2.6% (198)

4.0% (76)

2.7% (52)

1.7% (33)

 

Moderate

29.9% (2261)

38.0% (962)

26.0% (658)

28.2% (715)

 

High

67.4% (5096)

58.1% (1796)

71.4% (2207)

70.1% (2168)

 

Use of electronic devices, hours per day, mean (SD)

     

Weekdays

     

Screen time for studying

1.0 (1.2)

0.7 (2.1)

0.9 (2.1)

1.3 (2.0)

 < 0.001*

Screen time for gaming and leisure

3.5 (3.4)

2.3 (5.2)

2.8 (5.3)

4.8 (6.0)

 < 0.001*

Total screen time

4.5 (3.7)

3.0 (6.2)

3.7 (5.7)

6.0 (6.2)

 < 0.001*

Weekends

     

Screen time for studying

1.1 (1.3)

0.8 (2.4)

1.0 (2.4)

1.3 (2.4)

 < 0.001*

Screen time for gaming and leisure

6.4 (4.3)

5.1 (7.9)

5.9 (8.3)

7.6 (6.4)

 < 0.001*

Total screen time

7.5 (4.4)

5.9 (8.6)

6.9 (8.2)

8.9 (6.4)

 < 0.001*

Overall

     

Screen time for studying

1.0 (1.1)

0.7 (2.0)

0.9 (2.1)

1.3 (2.0)

 < 0.001*

Screen time for gaming and leisure

4.3 (3.4)

3.1 (5.6)

3.7 (5.7)

5.6 (5.7)

 < 0.001*

Total screen time

5.3 (3.6)

3.9 (6.5)

4.6 (5.9)

6.8 (5.9)

 < 0.001*

Sleeping duration, hours, mean (SD)

     

Weekdays

8.3 (1.4)

9.1 (2.5)

8.8 (1.7)

7.5 (2.0)

 < 0.001*

Weekends

9.5 (1.5)

9.9 (2.1)

9.7 (2.8)

9.0 (2.4)

 < 0.001*

Overall

8.6 (1.2)

9.3 (2.0)

9.0 (1.6)

7.9 (1.8)

 < 0.001*

Household monthly income, % (n)

    

 < 0.001*

 < HK$12,000

14.5% (588)

12.7% (138)

15.4% (217)

15.0% (233)

 

HK$12,000–$19,999

25.2% (1021)

23.5% (256)

24.5% (344)

27.1% (421)

 

HK$20,000–$39,999

32.8% (1330)

32.2% (351)

29.6% (417)

36.2% (562)

 

 ≥ HK$40,000

27.4% (1111)

31.6% (344)

30.5% (429)

21.8% (338)

 

Parental characteristics, % (n)

     

Marital status

    

 < 0.001*

Married

86.4% (3529)

90.5% (994)

87.5% (1241)

82.6% (1294)

 

Divorced/Separated

11.9% (486)

7.3% (80)

11.1% (157)

15.9% (249)

 

Cohabitation

1.7% (70)

2.3% (25)

1.5% (21)

1.5% (24)

 

Education level

     

Mother

    

 < 0.001*

Primary school or below

7.5% (310)

3.6% (40)

6.6% (94)

11.1% (176)

 

Secondary school

70.2% (2899)

65.0% (723)

67.7% (968)

76.0% (1208)

 

Tertiary/University or above

22.3% (921)

31.4% (349)

25.7% (367)

12.9% (205)

 

Father

    

 < 0.001*

Primary school or below

5.9% (238)

2.8% (31)

4.7% (66)

9.0% (141)

 

Secondary school

68.4% (2780)

63.7% (695)

65.4% (920)

74.5% (1165)

 

Tertiary/University or above

25.7% (1044)

33.5% (365)

29.9% (421)

16.5% (258)

 
  1. IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire; MET, Metabolic equivalent of task; SD, standard deviation
  2. *Significant difference (p < 0.05) between groups by univariate linear regression, or multinomial logistic regression, as appropriate
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Health and Quality of Life Outcomes

ISSN: 1477-7525

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