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Table 2 Description of clusters based on change in QOL over 12 months according to variables included in the analysis and comparison between groups

From: Typology of changes in quality of life over 12 months among currently or formerly homeless individuals using different housing services in Quebec, Canada

 

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Group 4

Total

 

n/mean

%/SD

n/mean

%/SD

n/mean

%/SD

n/mean

%/SD

n/mean

%/SD

Group size

57

21.11

87

32.22

66

24.44

60

22.22

270

100.00

Variable of interest

 Change in QOL over 12 months (mean/SD)a

4.603,4

12.41

7.213,4

10.78

− 3.171,2

11.91

− 1.881,2

11.32

2.10

12.32

Predisposing factors

 Change of housing statusb

  Deterioration

02,4

0.00

61,3,4

6.9

02,4

0.00

361,2,3

60.00

42

15.56

  Stable-TH

2

3.51

23

26.44

5

7.58

24

40.00

54

20.00

  Stable-PH

24

42.11

39

44.83

33

50.00

0

0.00

96

35.56

  Improvement

31

54.39

19

21.84

28

42.42

0

0.00

78

28.89

 Female genderc

432,3,4

75.44

271

31.03

301,4

45.45

141,,3

23.33

114

42.22

 Ageb

  18–39 years

112,3,4

19.3

01,3,4

0.00

01,2,4

0.00

31,2,3

5.00

14

5.19

  40–49 years

46

80.7

26

29.89

5

7.58

26

43.33

103

38.15

  50 and over

0

0.00

61

70.11

61

92.42

31

51.67

153

56.67

 Educationc (college or +)

19

33.33

28

32.18

19

28.79

22

36.67

88

32.59

 Having childrenc

26

45.61

40

45.98

354

53.03

193

31.67

120

44.44

Need factors

 Common mental health disordersc

302

52.63

201,3,4

22.99

412,4

62.12

242,3

40.00

115

42.59

 Severe mental health disordersc

182

31.58

121,3

13.79

272

40.91

16

26.67

73

27.04

 Substance use disordersc

22

38.6

213,4

24.14

302

45.45

292

48.33

102

37.78

 Perceived healtha (mean/SD)

7.122,3,4

1.63

8.541,3,4

1.12

5.681,2,4

1.51

6.451,2,3

1.84

7.08

1.87

 Functional disabilitya (mean/SD)

21.632,3

6.17

14.821,3,4

3.26

27.031,2,4

6.89

21.712,3

6.58

20.77

7.33

Enabling factors

 Frequency of service use

  Public primary cared* (mean/SD)

4.68

5.89

5.24

11.34

4.52

4.81

3.70

5.60

4.60

7.82

  Specialized ambulatory cared* (mean/SD)

6.072,4

14.21

1.841

11.12

2.064

7.96

0.481,3

1.84

2.49

10.07

  Community-based servicesd* (mean/SD)

68.58

108.54

93.89

133.41

95.98

116.79

99.02

136.20

90.20

125.04

  Acute cared (mean/SD)

3.882

13.86

1.251,3,4

2.56

2.082

3.27

3.522

13.07

2.51

9.13

 Satisfaction with servicesa (mean/SD)

3.972

0.85

4.391,3,4

0.74

3.962

0.81

3.832

0.78

4.07

0.82

  1. Group 1: “Young women in stable-PH or improved housing status with moderately high needs and specialized ambulatory care service use, with improved QOL over 12 months”
  2. Group 2: “Middle-age to older men with stable housing status, few needs and low acute care service use, with most improvement in QOL over 12 months”
  3. Group 3: “Older individuals residing in stable-PH or improved housing status with very high needs and reduced QOL over 12 months”
  4. Group 4: “Men in stable-TH or worse housing status, with high SUD, using few specialized ambulatory care services and showing decline in QOL over 12 months”
  5. *Public primary care (family doctor, walk-in medical clinic in LCSC or private clinic, other LCSC services); Specialized ambulatory care (outpatient hospital services other than hospitalizations and ED visits but including addiction rehabilitation centre); Community-based services (addiction treatment centre, support group, women’s centre, day centre, food bank, employment support programs and other organizations); Acute care: (Hospitalizations and ED visits)
  6. Superscript numbers indicate significant differences at p < 0.05
  7. QOL quality of life, TH temporary housing, PH permanent housing, LCSC local community service centre, ED emergency department
  8. aT-test
  9. bFisher’s exact test
  10. cPearson’s chi-squared test
  11. dWilcoxon rank-sum test