Table 1 List of all instruments used in study

Satisfaction with life domains scale (SLDS) [37]

Quality of life (QOL)

20-item self-report scale on subjective QOL; across 5 domains (daily life and social relations, housing and neighbourhood, personal relationships, spare-time activities, autonomy); five-point scale (1 to 5); rating: 20 to 100 where higher = better QOL

Cronbach’s alpha = 0.92

Canadian community health survey (CCHS)—adapted [40]

Housing status

Three types of housing (emergency shelter, temporary housing, permanent housing with or without support)

N/A

Age

Numerical value calculated from date of birth

Sex

Two-point scale (male = 1, female = 2)

Having children

Two-point scale (no = 0; yes = 1)

Education

Two-point scale (high school or less = 1, college or more = 2)

Perceived health

Two self-report questions rating current state of physical and mental health on five-point scale where 1 = poor to 5 = excellent

M.I.N.I international neuropsychiatric interview 6.0 [41]

Mental health disorders (MHD)

120-item structured diagnostic interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10 psychiatric disorders; two-point scale (no = 0; yes = 1)

Kappa Cohen = 0.50–0.84

Alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) [42]

Substance use disorder (alcohol)

10-item self-report scale to measure alcohol consumption; with zero to four-point scoring for multiple-choice questions; rating: 0–50 where higher = greater level of SUD for alcohol

Cronbach’s alpha = 0.74

Drug abuse screening test (DAST) [43]

Substance use disorder (drug)

28-item self-report scale used as a screening tool for drug consumption; two-point scale (no = 0; yes = 1); rating: 0–20 where higher = greater level of SUD for drugs

Cronbach’s alpha = 0.88

WHO disability assessment schedule 2.0 [44]

Functional disability

12-item short version assessment used for all diseases (physical illness and MHD); across 6 domains of functioning (cognitive, mobility, self-care, getting along, life activities, and participation); five-point scale (1 to 5); rating: 0 to 60 where 0 = no disability and 60 = full disability

Cronbach’s alpha = 0.93–0.94

Service utilization questionnaire (SUQ) adapted from CCHS [45]

Frequency of public primary care services use

Public primary care refer to family doctor, walk-in medical clinic in local community service centre (LCSC) or private clinic, other LCSC services; numerical value based on previous 12 months

N/A

Frequency of specialized ambulatory care services use

Specialized ambulatory care refer to outpatient hospital services other than hospitalizations and emergency department visits but including addiction rehabilitation centre; numerical value based on previous 12 months

Frequency community-based services use

Community-based services refer to addiction treatment centre, support group, women’s centre, day centre, food bank, employment support programs and other organizations; numerical value based on previous 12 months

Frequency of acute care services use

Acute care refer to hospitalizations and emergency department visits; numerical value based on previous 12 months

Service satisfaction

Overall satisfaction with services; five-point scale (1 to 5) based on previous 12 months where higher = more satisfied with services