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Table 4 Overall unmet needs by sex

From: Determining the reasons for unmet healthcare needs in South Korea: a secondary data analysis

Variables

Unmet needs, based on KNHANES 2013–2017 data

Total

Men

Women

OR

95% CI

p

OR

95% CI

p

OR

95% CI

p

Age (years)

            

 19–39

1.60

1.33

1.92

 < .001

1.83

1.35

2.48

 < .001

1.42

1.12

1.81

.004

 40–59

1.17

1.01

1.36

.040

1.31

1.02

1.67

.036

1.10

0.91

1.34

.334

  ≥ 60

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

Marital status

            

 Married and cohabiting

1.00

0.86

1.16

.995

1.11

0.86

1.44

.414

0.92

0.76

1.11

.397

 Married but not cohabiting, or bereaved or divorced

1.08

0.89

1.32

.427

1.30

0.89

1.90

.172

0.94

0.75

1.18

.594

 Unmarried

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

Number of family members

            

 1

1.06

0.85

1.31

.612

1.43

0.98

2.08

.065

0.88

0.69

1.13

.316

 2

0.82

0.69

0.97

.020

1.02

0.75

1.40

.889

0.72

0.59

0.89

.002

 3

1.04

0.87

1.24

.663

1.33

0.99

1.79

.059

0.91

0.74

1.12

.375

 4

0.93

0.78

1.10

.401

1.15

0.85

1.58

.368

0.83

0.68

1.02

.080

  ≥ 5

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

Education level

            

 Elementary school or lower

1.20

1.00

1.43

.050

1.22

0.89

1.67

.224

1.14

0.91

1.44

.246

 Middle school

1.00

0.82

1.21

.975

1.04

0.75

1.44

.820

0.97

0.76

1.24

.807

 High school

1.02

0.90

1.17

.752

1.15

0.93

1.43

.195

0.94

0.80

1.11

.442

 College or higher

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

Region

            

 Seoul

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Metro

1.07

0.94

1.21

.301

1.13

0.92

1.38

.252

1.02

0.87

1.19

.827

 Rural

1.05

0.90

1.22

.541

1.05

0.82

1.33

.718

1.03

0.86

1.23

.751

Employment status

            

 Employed

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Unemployed

1.74

1.38

2.18

 < .001

1.93

1.38

2.71

 < .001

1.65

1.22

2.25

.001

Income

            

 1Q (lowest)

1.29

1.11

1.49

.001

1.00

0.77

1.29

.969

1.55

1.29

1.86

 < .001

 2Q

1.18

1.03

1.36

.020

1.05

0.83

1.34

.667

1.29

1.09

1.53

.004

 3Q

1.19

1.03

1.37

.017

1.11

0.88

1.39

.391

1.26

1.06

1.50

.010

 4Q (highest)

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

Occupation

            

 White collar

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Pink collar

1.29

1.00

1.66

.052

1.31

0.91

1.88

.149

1.30

0.92

1.83

.140

 Blue collar

1.22

1.04

1.43

.015

1.22

0.97

1.53

.095

1.21

0.96

1.52

.106

 Unemployed or other

0.95

0.80

1.13

.559

0.90

0.67

1.20

.468

1.01

0.82

1.25

.906

Medical insurance type

            

 NHI

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Medicaid

1.17

0.77

1.80

.456

1.54

0.75

3.17

.235

1.16

0.89

1.50

.275

 No/do not know

1.03

0.81

1.31

.803

0.90

0.56

1.46

.674

0.97

0.61

1.54

.887

Private insurance

            

 Yes

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

 No

1.14

1.00

1.29

.045

1.19

0.95

1.49

.134

1.13

0.97

1.32

.130

 Do not know

1.00

0.61

1.65

.996

1.07

0.47

2.45

.868

0.96

0.53

1.75

.892

Smoking history

            

 Current smoker

1.26

1.08

1.46

.003

1.27

1.02

1.58

.033

1.20

0.96

1.51

.115

 Past smoker

0.94

0.80

1.10

.419

0.98

0.77

1.25

.878

0.90

0.71

1.14

.362

 Non-smoker

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

Alcohol consumption

            

 Never drink

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Less than once per month

0.93

0.79

1.08

.327

0.99

0.76

1.28

.913

0.96

0.79

1.17

.682

 1–4 times per month

1.05

0.93

1.18

.462

1.23

0.95

1.59

.119

0.98

0.85

1.14

.801

  ≥ 5 times per month

0.88

0.76

1.01

.069

1.04

0.75

1.44

.834

0.83

0.71

0.98

.025

Body mass index (BMI)

            

 Normal weight (18.5 ≤ BMI < 25)

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Under weight (BMI < 18.5)

0.95

0.86

1.06

.374

0.91

0.77

1.08

.279

0.98

0.86

1.10

.687

 Obese (BMI ≥ 25)

1.17

0.94

1.47

.162

1.14

0.70

1.85

.604

1.21

0.94

1.55

.147

Exercise

            

 None

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Mild

1.31

1.13

1.52

 < .001

1.36

1.03

1.80

.029

1.30

1.09

1.55

.004

 High

1.96

1.30

2.95

.001

2.95

1.16

7.51

.023

1.78

1.16

2.74

.009

Self-rated health

            

 Very poor

3.62

2.46

5.32

 < .001

3.22

1.62

6.40

.001

3.84

2.37

6.23

 < .001

 Poor

3.47

2.44

4.95

 < .001

3.52

2.00

6.22

 < .001

3.52

2.24

5.52

 < .001

 Fair

2.25

1.61

3.14

 < .001

2.19

1.27

3.77

.005

2.30

1.50

3.54

 < .001

 Good

1.44

1.02

2.04

.038

1.56

0.90

2.73

.116

1.35

0.86

2.13

.188

 Very good

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

Stress level

            

 High

2.35

1.28

4.30

.006

2.97

0.78

11.34

.111

2.14

1.08

4.26

.030

 Moderate

1.56

0.85

2.87

.150

1.74

0.46

6.62

.414

1.55

0.78

3.09

.213

 Low

1.16

0.63

2.15

.636

1.15

0.30

4.51

.837

1.25

0.62

2.52

.534

 None

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

Pain

            

 None

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Mild

2.06

1.83

2.31

 < .001

1.98

1.02

3.86

.044

1.81

1.57

2.09

 < .001

 Severe

2.09

1.61

2.72

 < .001

2.56

2.09

3.13

 < .001

2.04

1.56

2.66

 < .001

Depression

            

 Light

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Moderate

1.45

1.26

1.65

 < .001

1.34

1.02

1.76

.039

1.54

1.32

1.80

 < .001

 Heavy/extreme

1.78

1.23

2.57

.002

2.02

0.92

4.45

.081

1.76

1.16

2.66

.008

  1. Logistic regression analysis with a complex sampling design was performed by adjusting for covariates
  2. The significance of the interaction term was tested with the likelihood test, and if it was significant, each term was analyzed by post-mortem analysis
  3. Model was adjusted for sex, age, marital status, number of family members, education level, region, economic activity, income, occupation, medical insurance type, private insurance, smoking, drinking, body mass index, exercise, self-rated health status, stress level, pain, and depression
  4. NHI National Health Insurance, Q quartile, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval
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Health and Quality of Life Outcomes

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