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Table 6 Performance of the EQ-5D-3L in screening for comorbid anxiety (GAD-2 ≥ 3) with any depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥ 10), and comorbid anxiety (GAD-2 ≥ 3) with moderate-severe depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥ 15)

From: The performance of the EQ-5D-3L in screening for anxiety and depressive symptoms in hospital and community settings

Cut-point

HOSPITAL SETTING (N = 492)

COMMUNITY SETTING (N = 400)

 ≥ 2

 ≥ 3

 ≥ 2

 ≥ 3

Anxiety (GAD-2 ≥ 3) & any depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥ 10)

    

EQ-5D-3L Anxiety/depression dimension

    

 Sensitivity

78.3%

18.1%

92.3%

23.1%

 Specificity

65.1%

96.6%

77.5%

97.3%

 LR+ 

2.24

5.25

4.11

8.63

 LR−

0.33

0.85

0.10

0.79

 PPV

31.3%

52.0%

22.2%

37.3%

 NPV

93.7%

85.3%

99.3%

94.8%

 AUROC (95% CI)

0.74 (0.68, 0.79)

 0.86 (0.80, 0.92)

EQ-5D-3L index score tertiles

    

 Sensitivity

48.8%

11.9%

15.4%

0.0%

 Specificity

31.9%

65.0%

38.0%

70.9%

 LR+ 

0.72

0.34

0.25

0.00

 LR−

1.61

1.36

2.23

1.41

 PPV

12.7%

6.5%

1.7%

0.0%

 NPV

75.4%

78.4%

86.7%

91.1%

 AUROC (95% CI)

0.36 (0.30, 0.41)

 0.24 (0.19, 0.30)

EQ-VAS score tertiles

    

 Sensitivity

48.2%

9.6%

26.9%

7.7%

 Specificity

31.5%

72.2%

32.4%

70.1%

 LR+ 

0.70

0.35

0.40

0.26

 LR−

1.65

1.25

2.26

1.32

 PPV

12.5%

6.6%

2.7%

1.8%

 NPV

74.9%

79.7%

86.4%

91.6%

 AUROC (95% CI)

0.36 (0.31, 0.42)

 0.28 (0.19, 0.37)

Anxiety (GAD-2 ≥ 3) & moderate-severe depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥ 15)

    

EQ-5D-3L Anxiety/depression dimension

    

 Sensitivity

80.8%

17.3%

100.0%

40.0%

 Specificity

62.3%

95.4%

74.9%

96.9%

 LR+ 

2.14

3.79

3.98

13.00

 LR−

0.31

0.87

0.00

0.62

 PPV

20.3%

30.8%

6.8%

19.1%

 NPV

96.5%

90.7%

100.0%

98.9%

 AUROC (95% CI)

0.73 (0.67, 0.79)

 0.91 (0.87, 0.95)

EQ-5D-3L index score tertiles

    

 Sensitivity

45.3%

11.3%

10.0%

0.0%

 Specificity

32.8%

66.5%

39.7%

72.1%

 LR+ 

0.67

0.34

0.17

0.00

 LR−

1.67

1.33

2.26

1.39

 PPV

7.4%

3.9%

0.3%

0.0%

 NPV

83.5%

86.3%

96.0%

97.5%

 AUROC (95% CI)

0.35 (0.29, 0.42)

 0.23 (0.16, 0.31)

EQ-VAS score tertiles

    

 Sensitivity

40.4%

3.9%

28.6%

14.3%

 Specificity

32.0%

72.8%

34.2%

71.3%

 LR+ 

0.59

0.14

0.43

0.50

 LR−

1.87

1.32

2.09

1.20

 PPV

6.6%

1.7%

0.8%

0.9%

 NPV

81.9%

86.5%

96.3%

97.8%

 AUROC (95% CI)

0.32 (0.26, 0.38)

 0.32 (0.12, 0.52)

  1. LR+, positive likelihood ratio; LR−, negative likelihood ratio; AUROC, area under receiver operating curve. EQ-5D-3L index score tertiles: 2 = quintile 2, 3 = quintile 3. EQ-5D-3L anxiety/depression dimension: 2 = moderately anxious or depressed, 3 = extremely anxious or depressed. PPV, positive predictive value; NPV, negative predictive value. Bolded values indicate the cut-point that maximizes sensitivity and specificity for each component