Table 3 Outcomes of the selected studies: prevalence (%) of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) by gender using the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) by diagnostic group individually and by all diagnostic groups combined and itsrespectiveresults/conclusions

Ahn et al [18]

OHIP (does not report version)

51(32)/26.2(8.8)

20(5)/26.5(9.1)

OHIP scores were worse in the TMD group than in controls. The pain group presented the domains of physical pain (2.05), physical disability (2.15) and psychological incapacity (1.81), greater than the control group. There was no significant difference with MAI, but there was a higher correlation with FIA than with VAS. The FIA showed correlation with the 5 domains of OHIP, mainly physical incapacity and pain

Almoznino et al. [19]

OHIP-14

187(111)/21.12(3.83)

200(90)/20.93(3.74)

In TMD group, there were statistical differences for the following OHIP domains as compared to controls: physical pain, physical incapacity, psychological discomfort, and psychological incapacity. The groups with the worst results were: muscular and articular pain, followed by muscular only and articular only groups, but with no statistical difference between the last two groups. There was no difference in relation to the sociodemographic profile. There was an inverse relationship between pain and quality of life, mainly due to limitation of mouth opening, forced opening of the mouth, pain during opening, and limitation of lateral movements

Bayat et al [6]

OHIP-14

75(64)/34.3(12.3)

75(55)/29.1(6.1)

The TMD group had a statistically worse quality of life than controls, positively correlated with TMD severity, mainly related to duration of pain and the GCPS scale. There was no statistical difference regarding ageand gender in relation toquality of life prevalence, but severity was higher in women.The prevalence and severity of OHIP was 6 and 2 times higher respectively in the TMD group, and the factor that influenced the most was the psychological incapacity

Karacayli et al [14]

OHIP-14

37(23)/29(**)

37(23)/30(**)

In the OHIP, patients with disc displacement had worse quality of life than the control group, mainly inbothworse pain in the last 6 months and average intensity of pain in the last 6 months. In addition, a worse OHIP-14 score was observed in patients who had problems with smiling/laughing, teeth/face cleaning, swallowing, and talking. OHIP was significantly worse when pain intensity was also higher

Miettinen. Lahti, Sipilä [15]

OHIP-14

79(61)/43.5(13.1)

70(47)/25.3(6.5)

OHIP was worse in all RDC/TMD groups relative to controls, and it was also directly related to pain intensity. Women had an OHIP worse than men in all sub-items and also in relation to severity. OHIP was 3 times worse in the TMD than in the non-TMD group. Psychosocial factors were associated with TMD and impaired quality of life

Schierz et al [28]

OHIP-14

416(329)/37.4(16.2)

2026(1054)/43.3(16.2)

Patients with TMD had a statistically worse OHIP scores than both patients with anxiety and the general population, the last with the best quality of life

John et al [20]

OHIP-49

416(329)/37.4(16.2)

2026(1054)/43.3(16.2)

For OHIP, on the RDC/TMD axis I, there was better quality of life in patients with disc displacement without reduction as compared to the other two groups. However, they were statistically worse than the control group. Women had worse scores, but with no statistical difference. Regarding axis II, mandibular dysfunction had worse OHIP scores. There was greater somatization in the TMD group, with worse OHIP scores, as opposed to depression. However, both were higher than the general population

Moufti et al [29]

OHIP-49

110(92)/39(**)

110 (92)/38(**)

The study demonstrated statistical differences between patients with and without TMD in OHIP scores. The impact of pain and physical disability was substantial. The study also appeared to show a worse outcome on the impact of the overall oral health in quality of life among TMD patients, with worse scores reported in all items

Reissmann et al [21]

OHIP-49

471(358)/38.6(15.6)

35(16)/36.1(10.7)

The population with TMD had significantly worse OHIP scores than controls. Within the TMD groups, the worst OHIP score was for myofascial pain without limited opening, and the best OHIP score was for disc displacement group with reduction. Patients with DD without reduction had a significantlyworse OHIP scores than with reduction. Within group III, there was no significant statistical difference among arthralgia, arthritis and arthrosis. In the 3 TMD groups, group II had the best OHIP scores, differing statistically from groupsI (the worst) and group III. Groups I and III did not differ between themselves

Rener-Sitar et al [22]

OHIP-49

68(58)/36.54(13.76)

400(270)/41.38(12.66)

OHIP scores wereworse in the TMD population than in the controls. The best OHIP scores were in disc displacement with reduction, and the worst were in disc displacement without reduction with limited opening. There was no significant difference between genders

Rener-Sitar et al [23]

OHIP-49

81(65)/36.1(13.4)

400(291)/41.38(12.66)

Similar results were reported in relation to the previous study by the same authors; however, the worst OHIP scores were found inboth osteoarthritis and disc displacement without reduction with limited opening

Barros et al [24]

OHIP-14 (modif.)

83(69)/36.5(13.5)

–

Women presented worse impact in the functional limitation; in the other domains, there was no significant difference. There was statistical difference between groups I and III, but not against group II; and group III had the worst result. The severity of TMD was directly related to poorer quality of life

Blanco-Aguilera et al [16]

OHIP-14

407(364)/♀42.15(14.66) and ♂41.48(17.28)

–

Women had a worse OHIP scores than men. OHIP still showed a significant and positive association between patients with both high intensity of pain without disability and poor perception of quality of life in relation to oral health. They also presented higher OHIP values for physical pain and psychological discomfort. The duration of pain over 1 year also interfered in OHIP by 6.5 points in relation to the group with less pain duration. Age and marital status were not significant

Su et al [4]

OHIP-14

541(407)/38.59(15.52)

–

Muscle sensitivity during palpation was related to worse OHIP scores in all domains. An increase in TMJ pain scores on palpation in HDI was significantly associated with worse OHIP total score and domains, with the exception of functional limitation

Tjakkes et al [25]

SF-36

95(90)/40.3(13.1)

–

There was statistical difference for SF-36 in RDC/TMD groups I and III in the following areas: physical functionality and pain in the body. But there was no significant difference between groups II and III. The other scores did not differ statistically amonggroups. Regarding TMD duration, patients with less than 1 year with diagnosed TMD presented better scores in physical functionality. However, those who had TMD for more than 1 years had an impact mainly on social commitment

Resende et al [5]

WHOQOL-Bref

43(43)/36.48(**)

–

The WHOQOL was worse for group II in the social aspect for the disc displacement with reduction. In the physical aspect, there was a significant association with all TMD groups, and it was directly related to pain severity. The worst WHOQOL scores were in the group with associated muscular and articular dysfunction

Portella, Smith, Guimarães [31]

SF-36

45(45)/32(10)

58(58)/33(10)

The TMD group presented SF-36 scores significantly worse than those in the control group in the following domains: functional capacity, physical appearance, pain, general health status, vitality, social aspects, emotional aspects and mental health

Trize, Marta [32]

SF-36

51(*)/**

51(*)/**

The TMD group showed worse quality of life than the group without TMD, in all absolute values, but it was statistically significant only for pain and mental health

Castanharo, Junior [34]

SF-36

228(200)/**

34(19)/**

There was a statistical difference for all domains between general TMD and controls. Regarding pain, the control group differed from the other threeRDC/TMD axis I groups. The TMD + headache group differed from both the TMD groupandthe headache group alone. For mental health, emotional and social aspect, and general health, the TMD + headache group had significantly worse scores than both the control group and headache group alone

Gui et al [33]

SF-36

76(76)/**

40(40)/50.93(12.34)

Patients in the TMD group with diffuse pain differed significantly in all components as compared to controls. In the TMD with localized pain, the emotional factor did not differ among subgroups. The domains of general health, mental, physical and psychological function did not differ between TMD with localized pain and controls

Pigozzi et al [26]

WHOQOL-Bref

584(*)/**

1048(*)/**

There was a significantly worse quality of life in all domains in both RDC/TMD axis I and II versus controls. Group I (muscle disorders), group III (arthralgia) and group III (osteoarthritis) had statistically significant difference in all domains as compared to controls. For group II (disc displacement), this difference was not observed in any domain. For group III with osteoarthrosis, there was no significant difference for the psychological, social and environmental domains, butonly for the physical domain. Pain intensity/severity was related to lower quality of life scores

Da Silva, Barbosa [35]

WHOQOL-Bref

60(*)/**

60(*)/**

In all domains, subjects without TMD showedsignificantlybetterquality of life and compared to TMD patients. In the WHOQOL-General, the subjects without TMD showed also significantbetterscores of quality of life. There were 9.2 times more chances of individuals with low quality of life of having TMD than those with medium to high quality of life scores

Lucena, Da Costa, De Góes [17]

OHIP-14

155(138)/37.3(12.9)

–

Pain interfered negatively in the quality of life, with greater impairment in the performance of the daily activities related to the physical domain, followed by the psychological and, with less impact, in the social activities. Psychological factors, such as depression, somatization, psychosocial incapacity, and pain intensity were significantly associated with quality of life impairment

Rodrigues, Mazzatto [27]

OHIP-14

80(70)/32.71(**)

–

TMD interfered in the quality of life in all three RDC/TMD axis I groups. Disc displacement with muscle pain had the worstquality of life, while the best was only for disc displacement. The severity of pain was also directly related to the worst quality of life scores