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Table 1 Participants’ European Quality of Life scale five dimensions (EQ-5D) scores by demographic and clinical characteristics

From: The impact of pain on the quality of life of patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing hemodialysis: a multicenter cross-sectional study from Palestine

Variable

Frequency (%);

Median [Q1–Q3]

p valuea

N = 300

Age category (years)

   

Less than 60

182 (60.7)

0.77 [0.64–1.00]

< 0.001b

60 or more

118 (39.3)

0.59 [0.17–0.72]

 

Gender

   

Male

166 (55.3)

0.72 [0.58–0.88]

0.003b

Female

134 (44.7)

0.65 [0.43–0.77]

 

Body mass index category

   

Underweight

12 (4.0)

1.00 [0.67–1.00]

< 0.001c

Healthy

96 (32.0)

0.77 [0.63–1.00]

 

Overweight

113 (37.7)

0.71 [0.41–0.88]

 

Obese

79 (26.3)

0.64 [0.43–0.68]

 

Residency

   

Refugee camp

30 (10.0)

0.65 [0.37–0.81]

0.141a

Village

175 (58.3)

0.71 [0.56–0.88]

 

City

95 (31.7)

0.68 [0.40–0.85]

 

Living arrangement

   

Alone

19 (6.3)

0.71 [0.55–0.77]

0.895b

With family

281 (93.7)

0.68 [0.54–0.88]

 

Educational level

   

No formal education

14 (4.7)

0.49 [0.34–0.65]

< 0.001c

Primary school

62 (20.7)

0.62 [0.31–0.71]

 

Secondary school

81 (27.0)

0.68 [0.54–0.88]

 

High school

67 (22.3)

0.77 [0.65–1.00]

 

Graduated

76 (25.3)

0.77 [0.63–0.97]

 

Social status

   

Married

220 (73.3)

0.70 [0.57–0.87]

0.291b

Single, divorced, or widowed

80 (26.7)

0.67 [0.17–1.00]

 

Employment

   

Unemployed

235 (78.3)

0.68 [0.54–0.80]

< 0.001b

Employed

65 (21.7)

0.88 [0.64–1.00]

 

Household monthly income

   

< 2000 NIS

178 (59.3)

0.67 [0.43–0.81]

< 0.001c

2000–4999 NIS

109 (36 .3)

0.73 [0.57–1.00]

 

≥ 5000 NIS

13 (4.3)

0.88 [0.73–1.00]

 

Dialysis vintage (years)

   

< 4

196 (65.3)

0.71 [0.55–0.88]

0.037b

≥ 4

104 (34.7)

0.65 [0.46–0.84]

 

Dialysis sessions per week

   

< 3

21 (7.0)

0.71 [0.62–0.81]

0.591c

3

276 (92.0)

0.68 [0.54–0.88]

 

≥ 4

3 (1.0)

0.68 [0.15-N/A]

 

Dialysis session duration (hours)

   

< 4

258 (86.0)

0.68 [0.54–0.88]

0.629b

≥ 4

42 (14.0)

0.68 [0.63–0.82]

 

Previous kidney transplantation

   

Yes

13 (4.3)

1.00 [0.68–1.00]

0.040b

No

287 (95.7)

0.68 [0.54–0.88]

 

Known cause for ESRD

  

0.454b

Yes

281 (93.7)

0.70 [0.54–0.88]

 

No

19 (6.3)

0.68 [0.40–0.88]

 

Chronic diseases category

30 (10)

  

None

77 (25.7)

0.86 [0.67–1.00]

< 0.001c

1

86 ( 28.7)

0.77 [0.68–1.00]

 

2

107 (35.7)

0.71 [0.58–0.88]

 

≥ 3

 

0.57 [0.17–0.73]

 

Chronic medications category

   

< 4

10 (3.3)

0.68 [0.58–0.86]

0.868b

≥ 4

290 (96.7)

0.68 [0.54–0.88]

 

Smoking

  

< 0.001c

Non smoker

218 (72.7)

  

Light smoker

48 (16)

  

Smoker

34 (11.3)

0.65 [0.51–0.81]

 
  

0.75 [0.65–0.88]

 
  

0.88 [0.78–1.00]

 

Pain severity

  

< 0.001c

Mild

219 (73)

0.77 [0.65– 1.00]

 

Moderate

38 (12.7)

0.54 [0.31– 0.60]

 

Severe

34 (14.3)

0.36 [0.09–0.32]

 

Pain interference

  

< 0.001b

Low

241 (80.3)

0.75 [0.64–0.88]

 

High

59 (19.7)

0.08 [0.06–0.52]

 
  1. ESRD, end stage renal disease; NIS, New Israeli shekel (1 NIS = 0.31 US Dollars)
  2. aBold values denote statistical significance at the p < 0.05 level
  3. bMann–Whitney U test
  4. cKruskal–Wallis test