Table 3 General characteristics of the Hausa Pain Catastrophizing Scale (n = 200)
| Â | Range | Mean (SD) | Highest score | Lowest score | Ceiling effects n (%) | Floor effects n (%) | Skewness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total score | 0–52 | 30.0 (8.21) | 52 | 1 | 1 (0.5) | 3 (1.5) |  | |
Rumination subscale | 0–16 | 10.3 (3.20) | 16 | 4 | 7 (3.5) | 11 (5.5) |  | |
 Item 8 | I anxiously want the pain to go away | 0–4 | 2.86 (1.10) | 4 | 0 | 72 (36.0) | 0 (0.5) | − 0.596 |
 Item 9 | I can’t seem to keep it out of mind | 0–4 | 2.33 (1.09) | 4 | 0 | 31 (15.0) | 2 (1.0) | 0.189 |
 Item 10 | I keep thinking about how much it hurts | 0–4 | 2.41 (1.07) | 4 | 0 | 38 (19.0) | 1 (0.5) | 0.028 |
 Item 11 | I keep thinking about how badly I want the pain to stop | 0–4 | 2.81 (1.13) | 4 | 1 | 76 (38.0) | 36 (18.0) | − 0.389 |
Magnification subscale | 0–12 | 6.99 (2.55) | 12 | 2 | 6 (3.0) | 1 (0.5) |  | |
 Item 6 | I become afraid that the pain may get worse | 0–4 | 2.26 (1.10) | 4 | 0 | 31 (15.5) | 1 (1.0) | 0.106 |
 Item 7 | I think of other painful experiences | 0–4 | 2.21 (1.12) | 4 | 0 | 33 (16.5) | 3 (1.5) | 0.209 |
 Item 13 | I wonder whether something serious may happen | 0–4 | 2.51 (1.17) | 4 | 1 | 54 (27.0) | 59 (29.5) | − 0.071 |
Helplessness subscale | 0–24 | 12.7 (4.20) | 24 | 2 | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.5) |  | |
 Item 1 | I worry all the time whether the pain will end | 0–4 | 2.40 (1.04) | 4 | 1 | 37 (18.5) | 47 (23.5) | 0.121 |
 Item 2 | I feel I can’t go on | 0–4 | 1.96 (0.96) | 4 | 0 | 14 (7.0) | 3 (1.5) | 0.458 |
 Item 3 | It’s terrible and I think it’s never going to get any better | 0–4 | 2.21 (1.08) | 4 | 1 | 31 (15.5) | 1 (0.5) | 0.271 |
 Item 4 | It’s awful and I feel that it overwhelms me | 0–4 | 1.92 (1.07) | 4 | 0 | 22 (11.0) | 5 (2.5) | 0.573 |
 Item 5 | I feel I can’t stand it any more | 0–4 | 2.15 (1.07) | 4 | 0 | 29 (14.5) | 1 (0.5) | 0.372 |
 Item 12 | There is nothing I can do to reduce the intensity of the pain | 0–4 | 2.08 (1.06) | 4 | 0 | 24 (12.0) | 1 (0.5) | 0.415 |