Table 1 A priori hypotheses for evaluating the psychometric properties of the Hausa Pain Catastrophizing Scale

Floor and ceiling effects

 1. Ceiling effects

15% of the respondents having the maximum score (52) [58]

 2. Floor effects

15% of the respondents having the minimum score (0) [58]

Reliability

 1. Internal consistency

Cronbach’s α = 0.70–0.95 [58]

 2. Test–retest reliability

Intraclass correlation coefficient =  ≥ 0.70 [58]

 3. Standard error of measurement

1.6–4.6 [31, 35, 37, 39, 67, 68]

 4. Minimal detectable change

4.0–13.0 [31, 35,36,37, 39, 67, 68]

 5. 95% limits of agreement

− 15.1 to + 16.0 [39, 40, 67, 68]

Construct validity

 1. PCS versus FABQ-total, FABQ-physical and FABQ-work

Significant moderate to strong positive correlation (rho; 0.34–0.61) [35, 39, 44]

 2. PCS versus VAS-pain

Significant moderate to strong positive correlation (rho; 0.31–0.64) [36, 37, 39, 67]

 3. PCS versus ODI

Significant moderate to strong positive correlation (rho; ≥ 0.30) [67]

 4. PCS versus MCS-12

Significant moderate to strong negative correlation with (rho; ≥ − 0.30) [38]