From: Racial/ethnic differences in health-related quality of life among Hawaii adult population
Variable | White | Chinese | Filipino | Japanese | NHPI | Hispanic |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predisposing variable | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Sex, male | 1.09 (0.81–1.45) | 0.79 (0.32–1.93) | 1.95 (1.09–3.48)+ | 1.17 (0.71–1.92) | 1.89 (1.14–3.14)+ | 1.71 (0.86–3.40) |
Age (Ref: 18–44 years) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 45–64 years | 1.22 (0.84–1.78) | 1.36 (0.45–4.15) | 0.56 (0.29–1.09) | 1.37 (0.64–2.92) | 0.82 (0.48–1.42) | 0.58 (0.23–1.47) |
 ≥ 65 years | 0.44 (0.27–0.72)* | 0.35 (0.07–1.62) | 0.34 (0.15–0.80)+ | 0.61 (0.25–1.49) | 0.20 (0.08–0.50)* | 0.24 (0.07–0.87)+ |
Marital status (Ref: married) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Single | 1.18 (0.77–1.80) | 0.68 (0.21–2.21) | 0.62 (0.29–1.34) | 0.99 (0.55–1.78) | 0.60 (0.36–1.02) | 1.53 (0.51–4.62) |
 Separated/divorced/widowed | 0.84 (0.62–1.15) | 1.25 (0.41–3.79) | 0.77 (0.36–1.63) | 1.20 (0.67–2.14) | 0.78 (0.48–1.27) | 1.04 (0.35–3.06) |
Education (Ref: ≤ high school) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Some college | 1.05 (0.76–1.45) | 0.25 (0.07–0.87)+ | 0.49 (0.26–0.92)+ | 0.75 (0.40–1.38) | 0.80 (0.53–1.22) | 0.66 (0.23–1.87) |
 College graduate | 0.85 (0.61–1.19) | 0.48 (0.17–1.40) | 1.00 (0.50–2.00) | 1.33 (0.74–2.39) | 0.47 (0.23–0.93)+ | 0.54 (0.17–1.72) |
Enabling variable | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Employment (Ref: unemployed) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Employed | 0.30 (0.21–0.41)* | 0.32 (0.12–0.81)+ | 0.45 (0.24–0.81)* | 0.21 (0.12–0.38)* | 0.27 (0.16–0.44)* | 0.53 (0.20–1.41) |
Income (Ref: < $50,000) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 ≥ $50,000 | 0.61 (0.43–0.86)* | 1.65 (0.62–4.37) | 0.75 (0.41–1.37) | 0.79 (0.45–1.41) | 0.60 (0.33–1.09) | 0.79 (0.20–3.06) |
 Missing | 1.26 (0.66–2.42) | 0.56 (0.13–2.42) | 0.45 (0.19–1.09) | 0.91 (0.36–2.33) | 0.64 (0.33–1.27) | 0.15 (0.03–0.83)+ |
Housing status (Ref: own) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Other | 0.61 (0.43–0.86) | 1.89 (0.76–4.71) | 1.29 (0.65–2.57) | 2.37 (1.46–3.82)* | 0.76 (0.46–1.27) | 0.80 (0.27–2.44) |
Residential area, Oahu | 1.26 (0.66–2.42) | 0.77 (0.31–1.95) | 0.80 (0.46–1.40) | 1.30 (0.84–2.02) | 1.16 (0.76–1.76) | 0.93 (0.45–1.92) |
Have healthcare coverage | 0.61 (0.43–0.86)+ | 2.72 (0.60–12.31) | 2.19 (0.80–5.99) | 1.51 (0.62–3.68) | 1.35 (0.70–2.59) | 3.13 (0.72–13.54) |
Couldn’t see doctor because of medical cost | 1.26 (0.66–2.42)* | 1.42 (0.19–10.79) | 1.56 (0.83–2.93) | 1.20 (0.58–2.50) | 2.15 (1.32–3.53)* | 1.77 (0.70–4.50) |
Need variable | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Exercise | 0.39 (0.28–0.53)* | 0.60 (0.25–1.47) | 0.61 (0.35–1.07) | 0.28 (0.17–0.46)* | 0.38 (0.25–0.58)* | 0.38 (0.17–0.82)+ |
Heavy drinking | 0.64 (0.42–0.97)+ | 0.86 (0.11–6.97) | 0.19 (0.03–1.02) | 1.23 (0.50–3.04) | 1.69 (0.88–3.24) | 1.64 (0.53–5.08) |
Smoking (Ref: current) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Former/never | 0.91 (0.64–1.29) | 0.58 (0.22–1.55) | 1.06 (0.47–2.42) | 1.05 (0.48–2.30) | 0.67 (0.44–1.02) | 1.66 (0.75–3.65) |
H/O heart attack | 1.74 (1.17–2.60)* | 0.34 (0.03–4.34) | 1.65 (0.38–7.08) | 0.42 (0.14–1.22) | 1.73 (0.93–3.21) | 7.57 (1.8–31.88)* |
H/O CHD | 1.26 (0.78–2.05) | 6.02 (0.90–40.3) | 0.96 (0.28–3.32) | 4.71 (2.19–10.14)* | 0.87 (0.43–1.77) | 1.40 (0.28–7.01) |
H/O stroke | 2.07 (1.33–3.24)* | 1.11 (0.17–7.12) | 3.21 (1.16–8.84)+ | 0.80 (0.37–1.74) | 1.71 (0.83–3.52) | 2.35 (0.46–11.9) |
H/O asthma | 1.46 (1.06–2.02)+ | 1.78 (0.67–4.70) | 1.29 (0.63–2.62) | 0.65 (0.35–1.21) | 1.44 (0.91–2.28) | 1.94 (0.84–4.50) |
H/O cancer | 1.12 (0.84–1.48) | 1.07 (0.35–3.28) | 1.90 (0.64–5.59) | 1.44 (0.80–2.59) | 1.28 (0.64–2.57) | 1.89 (0.76–4.73) |
H/O COPD | 1.65 (1.10–2.47)+ | 1.47 (0.30–7.16) | 1.46 (0.50–4.22) | 1.35 (0.53–3.45) | 2.63 (1.23–5.65)+ | 1.17 (0.43–3.18) |
H/O arthritis | 2.06 (1.54–2.74)* | 2.09 (0.84–5.20) | 3.36 (1.74–6.50)* | 2.83 (1.70–4.72)* | 1.21 (0.74–1.97) | 1.98 (0.82–4.78) |
H/O depression | 6.12 (4.60–8.16)* | 5.82 (1.90–17.87)* | 18.04 (9.30–35.01)* | 7.00 (4.47–10.97)* | 5.23 (3.47–7.88)* | 15.67 (6.95–35.37)* |
H/O kidney disease | 1.22 (0.70–2.12) | 1.29 (0.35–4.75) | 1.66 (0.70–3.92) | 1.60 (0.73–3.48) | 1.77 (0.94–3.34) | 0.92 (0.34–2.50) |
H/O diabetes | 0.84 (0.58–1.21) | 2.06 (0.86–4.93) | 1.40 (0.75–2.60) | 0.89 (0.45–1.76) | 1.42 (0.85–2.36) | 1.42 (0.49–4.07) |
Obese/overweight | 0.91 (0.64–1.29) | 0.43 (0.16–1.14) | 0.60 (0.34–1.06) | 1.00 (0.62–1.61) | 0.94 (0.57–1.54) | 1.34 (0.59–3.02) |