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Table 5 Adjusted odds ratios (and 95% confidence intervals) from multivariable logistic regression for activity limitation by race/ethnicity

From: Racial/ethnic differences in health-related quality of life among Hawaii adult population

Variable

White

Chinese

Filipino

Japanese

NHPI

Hispanic

Predisposing variable

      

Sex, male

1.09 (0.81–1.45)

0.79 (0.32–1.93)

1.95 (1.09–3.48)+

1.17 (0.71–1.92)

1.89 (1.14–3.14)+

1.71 (0.86–3.40)

Age (Ref: 18–44 years)

      

 45–64 years

1.22 (0.84–1.78)

1.36 (0.45–4.15)

0.56 (0.29–1.09)

1.37 (0.64–2.92)

0.82 (0.48–1.42)

0.58 (0.23–1.47)

 ≥ 65 years

0.44 (0.27–0.72)*

0.35 (0.07–1.62)

0.34 (0.15–0.80)+

0.61 (0.25–1.49)

0.20 (0.08–0.50)*

0.24 (0.07–0.87)+

Marital status (Ref: married)

      

 Single

1.18 (0.77–1.80)

0.68 (0.21–2.21)

0.62 (0.29–1.34)

0.99 (0.55–1.78)

0.60 (0.36–1.02)

1.53 (0.51–4.62)

 Separated/divorced/widowed

0.84 (0.62–1.15)

1.25 (0.41–3.79)

0.77 (0.36–1.63)

1.20 (0.67–2.14)

0.78 (0.48–1.27)

1.04 (0.35–3.06)

Education (Ref: ≤ high school)

      

 Some college

1.05 (0.76–1.45)

0.25 (0.07–0.87)+

0.49 (0.26–0.92)+

0.75 (0.40–1.38)

0.80 (0.53–1.22)

0.66 (0.23–1.87)

 College graduate

0.85 (0.61–1.19)

0.48 (0.17–1.40)

1.00 (0.50–2.00)

1.33 (0.74–2.39)

0.47 (0.23–0.93)+

0.54 (0.17–1.72)

Enabling variable

      

Employment (Ref: unemployed)

      

 Employed

0.30 (0.21–0.41)*

0.32 (0.12–0.81)+

0.45 (0.24–0.81)*

0.21 (0.12–0.38)*

0.27 (0.16–0.44)*

0.53 (0.20–1.41)

Income (Ref: < $50,000)

      

 ≥ $50,000

0.61 (0.43–0.86)*

1.65 (0.62–4.37)

0.75 (0.41–1.37)

0.79 (0.45–1.41)

0.60 (0.33–1.09)

0.79 (0.20–3.06)

 Missing

1.26 (0.66–2.42)

0.56 (0.13–2.42)

0.45 (0.19–1.09)

0.91 (0.36–2.33)

0.64 (0.33–1.27)

0.15 (0.03–0.83)+

Housing status (Ref: own)

      

 Other

0.61 (0.43–0.86)

1.89 (0.76–4.71)

1.29 (0.65–2.57)

2.37 (1.46–3.82)*

0.76 (0.46–1.27)

0.80 (0.27–2.44)

Residential area, Oahu

1.26 (0.66–2.42)

0.77 (0.31–1.95)

0.80 (0.46–1.40)

1.30 (0.84–2.02)

1.16 (0.76–1.76)

0.93 (0.45–1.92)

Have healthcare coverage

0.61 (0.43–0.86)+

2.72 (0.60–12.31)

2.19 (0.80–5.99)

1.51 (0.62–3.68)

1.35 (0.70–2.59)

3.13 (0.72–13.54)

Couldn’t see doctor because of medical cost

1.26 (0.66–2.42)*

1.42 (0.19–10.79)

1.56 (0.83–2.93)

1.20 (0.58–2.50)

2.15 (1.32–3.53)*

1.77 (0.70–4.50)

Need variable

      

Exercise

0.39 (0.28–0.53)*

0.60 (0.25–1.47)

0.61 (0.35–1.07)

0.28 (0.17–0.46)*

0.38 (0.25–0.58)*

0.38 (0.17–0.82)+

Heavy drinking

0.64 (0.42–0.97)+

0.86 (0.11–6.97)

0.19 (0.03–1.02)

1.23 (0.50–3.04)

1.69 (0.88–3.24)

1.64 (0.53–5.08)

Smoking (Ref: current)

      

 Former/never

0.91 (0.64–1.29)

0.58 (0.22–1.55)

1.06 (0.47–2.42)

1.05 (0.48–2.30)

0.67 (0.44–1.02)

1.66 (0.75–3.65)

H/O heart attack

1.74 (1.17–2.60)*

0.34 (0.03–4.34)

1.65 (0.38–7.08)

0.42 (0.14–1.22)

1.73 (0.93–3.21)

7.57 (1.8–31.88)*

H/O CHD

1.26 (0.78–2.05)

6.02 (0.90–40.3)

0.96 (0.28–3.32)

4.71 (2.19–10.14)*

0.87 (0.43–1.77)

1.40 (0.28–7.01)

H/O stroke

2.07 (1.33–3.24)*

1.11 (0.17–7.12)

3.21 (1.16–8.84)+

0.80 (0.37–1.74)

1.71 (0.83–3.52)

2.35 (0.46–11.9)

H/O asthma

1.46 (1.06–2.02)+

1.78 (0.67–4.70)

1.29 (0.63–2.62)

0.65 (0.35–1.21)

1.44 (0.91–2.28)

1.94 (0.84–4.50)

H/O cancer

1.12 (0.84–1.48)

1.07 (0.35–3.28)

1.90 (0.64–5.59)

1.44 (0.80–2.59)

1.28 (0.64–2.57)

1.89 (0.76–4.73)

H/O COPD

1.65 (1.10–2.47)+

1.47 (0.30–7.16)

1.46 (0.50–4.22)

1.35 (0.53–3.45)

2.63 (1.23–5.65)+

1.17 (0.43–3.18)

H/O arthritis

2.06 (1.54–2.74)*

2.09 (0.84–5.20)

3.36 (1.74–6.50)*

2.83 (1.70–4.72)*

1.21 (0.74–1.97)

1.98 (0.82–4.78)

H/O depression

6.12 (4.60–8.16)*

5.82 (1.90–17.87)*

18.04 (9.30–35.01)*

7.00 (4.47–10.97)*

5.23 (3.47–7.88)*

15.67 (6.95–35.37)*

H/O kidney disease

1.22 (0.70–2.12)

1.29 (0.35–4.75)

1.66 (0.70–3.92)

1.60 (0.73–3.48)

1.77 (0.94–3.34)

0.92 (0.34–2.50)

H/O diabetes

0.84 (0.58–1.21)

2.06 (0.86–4.93)

1.40 (0.75–2.60)

0.89 (0.45–1.76)

1.42 (0.85–2.36)

1.42 (0.49–4.07)

Obese/overweight

0.91 (0.64–1.29)

0.43 (0.16–1.14)

0.60 (0.34–1.06)

1.00 (0.62–1.61)

0.94 (0.57–1.54)

1.34 (0.59–3.02)

  1. Activity limitation was dichotomized as ≥ 14 unhealthy days (1) vs. < 14 unhealthy days (0). A multivariable logistic regression with quasi-binomial distribution was conducted, accounting for the complex sampling design
  2. NHPI, Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander; H/O, history of; CHD, coronary heart disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Ref, reference
  3. +P value < 0.05; *P value < 0.01