From: Racial/ethnic differences in health-related quality of life among Hawaii adult population
Variable | White | Chinese | Filipino | Japanese | NHPI | Hispanic |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predisposing variable | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Sex, Male | 1.13 (0.94–1.35) | 0.82 (0.48–1.39) | 0.83 (0.59–1.16) | 0.85 (0.68–1.07) | 1.67 (1.27–2.19)* | 1.50 (0.95–2.38) |
Age (Ref: 18–44 years) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 45–64 years | 1.27 (0.98–1.63) | 1.13 (0.47–2.69) | 1.96 (1.27–3.02)* | 2.01 (1.32–3.06)* | 1.13 (0.78–1.62) | 1.49 (0.85–2.59) |
 ≥ 65 years | 0.99 (0.73–1.35) | 0.68 (0.24–1.92) | 1.92 (1.08–3.44)+ | 1.25 (0.78–2.02) | 0.72 (0.42–1.24) | 2.06 (0.97–4.40) |
Marital status (Ref: married) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Single | 1.35 (1.03–1.79)+ | 0.77 (0.34–1.75) | 1.26 (0.77–2.08) | 0.84 (0.59–1.19) | 0.57 (0.40–0.81)* | 1.57 (0.79–3.15) |
 Separated/divorced/widowed | 1.07 (0.87–1.31) | 1.34 (0.74–2.43) | 1.01 (0.67–1.52) | 1.02 (0.77–1.34) | 0.89 (0.64–1.24) | 1.29 (0.70–2.37) |
Education (Ref: ≤ high school) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Some college | 1.04 (0.83–1.31) | 0.61 (0.32–1.17) | 1.05 (0.74–1.49) | 0.96 (0.73–1.27) | 0.86 (0.64–1.15) | 0.86 (0.51–1.46) |
 College graduate | 0.84 (0.67–1.06) | 0.55 (0.31–0.98)+ | 0.76 (0.52–1.11) | 0.92 (0.69–1.23) | 0.68 (0.46–1.00) | 0.51 (0.26–1.01) |
Enabling variable | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Employment (Ref: unemployed) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Employed | 0.57 (0.47–0.69)* | 0.44 (0.24–0.82)* | 0.75 (0.50–1.11) | 0.54 (0.40–0.72)* | 0.64 (0.48–0.86)* | 0.60 (0.35–1.03) |
Income (Ref: < $50,000) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 ≥ $50,000 | 0.78 (0.63–0.97)+ | 1.23 (0.72–2.12) | 0.65 (0.44–0.94)+ | 0.71 (0.54–0.94)+ | 0.81 (0.57–1.15) | 1.09 (0.58–2.07) |
 Missing | 0.87 (0.61–1.24) | 0.78 (0.28–2.15) | 1.15 (0.63–2.08) | 0.86 (0.57–1.29) | 0.88 (0.52–1.47) | 0.94 (0.36–2.42) |
Housing status (Ref: own) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Other | 1.05 (0.83–1.33) | 0.75 (0.38–1.46) | 1.11 (0.77–1.60) | 1.51 (1.15–1.99)* | 1.09 (0.80–1.49) | 0.69 (0.39–1.24) |
Residential area, Oahu | 0.90 (0.76–1.07) | 1.67 (0.88–3.13) | 0.96 (0.70–1.31) | 0.93 (0.74–1.17) | 0.91 (0.70–1.18) | 0.78 (0.47–1.28) |
Have healthcare coverage | 1.53 (1.06–2.20)+ | 0.81 (0.16–4.03) | 1.43 (0.69–2.93) | 1.69 (0.88–3.21) | 1.48 (0.87–2.53) | 1.29 (0.61–2.74) |
Couldn’t see doctor because of medical cost | 1.75 (1.32–2.32)* | 1.34 (0.47–3.78) | 1.50 (0.93–2.44) | 1.42 (0.86–2.34) | 1.21 (0.85–1.73) | 1.76 (0.97–3.19) |
Need variable | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Exercise | 0.34 (0.28–0.41)* | 0.39 (0.23–0.66)* | 0.93 (0.68–1.29) | 0.55 (0.43–0.70)* | 0.43 (0.33–0.57)* | 0.79 (0.46–1.36) |
Heavy drinking | 0.75 (0.56–1.00) | 0.32 (0.05–1.89) | 0.82 (0.44–1.54) | 1.17 (0.64–2.14) | 0.90 (0.57–1.43) | 1.46 (0.71–3.00) |
Smoking (Ref: current) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Former/never | 0.86 (0.67–1.10) | 1.26 (0.56–2.87) | 1.03 (0.60–1.75) | 1.19 (0.83–1.71) | 0.92 (0.68–1.26) | 0.90 (0.51–1.61) |
H/O heart attack | 1.29 (0.96–1.72) | 0.31 (0.06–1.63) | 1.15 (0.57–2.32) | 0.79 (0.46–1.36) | 1.30 (0.79–2.14) | 1.01 (0.37–2.74) |
H/O CHD | 1.31 (0.96–1.80) | 0.97 (0.21–4.36) | 1.29 (0.67–2.48) | 1.83 (1.12–3.00)+ | 1.05 (0.59–1.89) | 0.97 (0.34–2.79) |
H/O stroke | 1.97 (1.39–2.78)* | 4.37 (1.12–17.08)+ | 2.52 (1.36–4.69)* | 1.06 (0.66–1.69) | 1.71 (1.01–2.89)+ | 2.22 (0.79–6.28) |
H/O asthma | 1.08 (0.87–1.34) | 2.77 (1.59–4.85)* | 0.82 (0.54–1.27) | 1.27 (0.91–1.76) | 1.44 (1.08–1.91)+ | 1.50 (0.86–2.61) |
H/O cancer | 1.37 (1.12–1.66)* | 1.62 (0.83–3.16) | 1.85 (1.02–3.38)+ | 1.74 (1.29–2.34)* | 1.71 (1.13–2.58)+ | 0.81 (0.36–1.83) |
H/O COPD | 2.27 (1.66–3.11)* | 3.72 (1.64–8.44)* | 1.54 (0.80–2.96) | 1.97 (1.32–2.94)* | 3.09 (1.93–4.97)* | 2.83 (1.27–6.29)+ |
H/O arthritis | 2.25 (1.88–2.68)* | 2.03 (1.22–3.38)* | 2.69 (1.91–3.79)* | 2.53 (2.03–3.16)* | 1.89 (1.40–2.55)* | 1.45 (0.83–2.53) |
H/O depression | 2.23 (1.84–2.70)* | 1.45 (0.69–3.08) | 3.49 (2.24–5.45)* | 2.33 (1.68–3.23)* | 2.05 (1.48–2.83)* | 2.68 (1.51–4.73)* |
H/O kidney disease | 1.24 (0.90–1.71) | 3.98 (1.87–8.46)* | 3.14 (1.80–5.46)* | 1.54 (0.97–2.47) | 1.71 (1.02–2.88)+ | 2.56 (0.94–6.93) |
H/O diabetes | 1.28 (0.99–1.66) | 1.34 (0.73–2.47) | 1.60 (1.09–2.34)+ | 1.44 (1.09–1.89)* | 1.45 (1.07–1.97)+ | 2.13 (1.09–4.18)+ |
Obese/overweight | 1.14 (0.95–1.36) | 1.07 (0.62–1.82) | 1.20 (0.86–1.67) | 1.09 (0.86–1.37) | 1.31 (0.96–1.80) | 0.96 (0.60–1.54) |