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Table 3 Adjusted odds ratios (and 95% confidence intervals) from multivariable logistic regression for physical health by race/ethnicity

From: Racial/ethnic differences in health-related quality of life among Hawaii adult population

Variable

White

Chinese

Filipino

Japanese

NHPI

Hispanic

Predisposing variable

      

Sex, Male

1.13 (0.94–1.35)

0.82 (0.48–1.39)

0.83 (0.59–1.16)

0.85 (0.68–1.07)

1.67 (1.27–2.19)*

1.50 (0.95–2.38)

Age (Ref: 18–44 years)

      

 45–64 years

1.27 (0.98–1.63)

1.13 (0.47–2.69)

1.96 (1.27–3.02)*

2.01 (1.32–3.06)*

1.13 (0.78–1.62)

1.49 (0.85–2.59)

 ≥ 65 years

0.99 (0.73–1.35)

0.68 (0.24–1.92)

1.92 (1.08–3.44)+

1.25 (0.78–2.02)

0.72 (0.42–1.24)

2.06 (0.97–4.40)

Marital status (Ref: married)

      

 Single

1.35 (1.03–1.79)+

0.77 (0.34–1.75)

1.26 (0.77–2.08)

0.84 (0.59–1.19)

0.57 (0.40–0.81)*

1.57 (0.79–3.15)

 Separated/divorced/widowed

1.07 (0.87–1.31)

1.34 (0.74–2.43)

1.01 (0.67–1.52)

1.02 (0.77–1.34)

0.89 (0.64–1.24)

1.29 (0.70–2.37)

Education (Ref: ≤ high school)

      

 Some college

1.04 (0.83–1.31)

0.61 (0.32–1.17)

1.05 (0.74–1.49)

0.96 (0.73–1.27)

0.86 (0.64–1.15)

0.86 (0.51–1.46)

 College graduate

0.84 (0.67–1.06)

0.55 (0.31–0.98)+

0.76 (0.52–1.11)

0.92 (0.69–1.23)

0.68 (0.46–1.00)

0.51 (0.26–1.01)

Enabling variable

      

Employment (Ref: unemployed)

      

 Employed

0.57 (0.47–0.69)*

0.44 (0.24–0.82)*

0.75 (0.50–1.11)

0.54 (0.40–0.72)*

0.64 (0.48–0.86)*

0.60 (0.35–1.03)

Income (Ref: < $50,000)

      

 ≥ $50,000

0.78 (0.63–0.97)+

1.23 (0.72–2.12)

0.65 (0.44–0.94)+

0.71 (0.54–0.94)+

0.81 (0.57–1.15)

1.09 (0.58–2.07)

 Missing

0.87 (0.61–1.24)

0.78 (0.28–2.15)

1.15 (0.63–2.08)

0.86 (0.57–1.29)

0.88 (0.52–1.47)

0.94 (0.36–2.42)

Housing status (Ref: own)

      

Other

1.05 (0.83–1.33)

0.75 (0.38–1.46)

1.11 (0.77–1.60)

1.51 (1.15–1.99)*

1.09 (0.80–1.49)

0.69 (0.39–1.24)

Residential area, Oahu

0.90 (0.76–1.07)

1.67 (0.88–3.13)

0.96 (0.70–1.31)

0.93 (0.74–1.17)

0.91 (0.70–1.18)

0.78 (0.47–1.28)

Have healthcare coverage

1.53 (1.06–2.20)+

0.81 (0.16–4.03)

1.43 (0.69–2.93)

1.69 (0.88–3.21)

1.48 (0.87–2.53)

1.29 (0.61–2.74)

Couldn’t see doctor because of medical cost

1.75 (1.32–2.32)*

1.34 (0.47–3.78)

1.50 (0.93–2.44)

1.42 (0.86–2.34)

1.21 (0.85–1.73)

1.76 (0.97–3.19)

Need variable

      

Exercise

0.34 (0.28–0.41)*

0.39 (0.23–0.66)*

0.93 (0.68–1.29)

0.55 (0.43–0.70)*

0.43 (0.33–0.57)*

0.79 (0.46–1.36)

Heavy drinking

0.75 (0.56–1.00)

0.32 (0.05–1.89)

0.82 (0.44–1.54)

1.17 (0.64–2.14)

0.90 (0.57–1.43)

1.46 (0.71–3.00)

Smoking (Ref: current)

      

 Former/never

0.86 (0.67–1.10)

1.26 (0.56–2.87)

1.03 (0.60–1.75)

1.19 (0.83–1.71)

0.92 (0.68–1.26)

0.90 (0.51–1.61)

H/O heart attack

1.29 (0.96–1.72)

0.31 (0.06–1.63)

1.15 (0.57–2.32)

0.79 (0.46–1.36)

1.30 (0.79–2.14)

1.01 (0.37–2.74)

H/O CHD

1.31 (0.96–1.80)

0.97 (0.21–4.36)

1.29 (0.67–2.48)

1.83 (1.12–3.00)+

1.05 (0.59–1.89)

0.97 (0.34–2.79)

H/O stroke

1.97 (1.39–2.78)*

4.37 (1.12–17.08)+

2.52 (1.36–4.69)*

1.06 (0.66–1.69)

1.71 (1.01–2.89)+

2.22 (0.79–6.28)

H/O asthma

1.08 (0.87–1.34)

2.77 (1.59–4.85)*

0.82 (0.54–1.27)

1.27 (0.91–1.76)

1.44 (1.08–1.91)+

1.50 (0.86–2.61)

H/O cancer

1.37 (1.12–1.66)*

1.62 (0.83–3.16)

1.85 (1.02–3.38)+

1.74 (1.29–2.34)*

1.71 (1.13–2.58)+

0.81 (0.36–1.83)

H/O COPD

2.27 (1.66–3.11)*

3.72 (1.64–8.44)*

1.54 (0.80–2.96)

1.97 (1.32–2.94)*

3.09 (1.93–4.97)*

2.83 (1.27–6.29)+

H/O arthritis

2.25 (1.88–2.68)*

2.03 (1.22–3.38)*

2.69 (1.91–3.79)*

2.53 (2.03–3.16)*

1.89 (1.40–2.55)*

1.45 (0.83–2.53)

H/O depression

2.23 (1.84–2.70)*

1.45 (0.69–3.08)

3.49 (2.24–5.45)*

2.33 (1.68–3.23)*

2.05 (1.48–2.83)*

2.68 (1.51–4.73)*

H/O kidney disease

1.24 (0.90–1.71)

3.98 (1.87–8.46)*

3.14 (1.80–5.46)*

1.54 (0.97–2.47)

1.71 (1.02–2.88)+

2.56 (0.94–6.93)

H/O diabetes

1.28 (0.99–1.66)

1.34 (0.73–2.47)

1.60 (1.09–2.34)+

1.44 (1.09–1.89)*

1.45 (1.07–1.97)+

2.13 (1.09–4.18)+

Obese/overweight

1.14 (0.95–1.36)

1.07 (0.62–1.82)

1.20 (0.86–1.67)

1.09 (0.86–1.37)

1.31 (0.96–1.80)

0.96 (0.60–1.54)

  1. Physical health was dichotomized as ≥ 14 unhealthy days (1) vs. < 14 unhealthy days (0). A multivariable logistic regression with quasi-binomial distribution was conducted, accounting for the complex sampling design
  2. NHPI, Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander; H/O, history of; CHD, coronary heart disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Ref, reference
  3. +P value < 0.05; *P value < 0.01