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Table 2 Self-report QoL explanatory variables in the CHD group

From: Health-related quality of life in children with congenital heart disease aged 5 to 7 years: a multicentre controlled cross-sectional study

Variables

 

Physical functioning

Psychosocial functioning

Total scale score

Univariate analysis

Multivariate analysis

Univariate analysis

Multivariate analysis

Univariate analysis

Multivariate analysis

Estimation (SE)

p-value

p-value$

Estimation (SE)

p-value

p-value$

Estimation (SE)

p-value

p-value$

Age

 

0.3 (1.8)

0.89 *

0.72

 − 1.6 (1.6)

0.31 *

0.46

 − 1.0 (1.4)

0.50 *

0.93

Gender

Female versus male

 − 4.3 (3.1)

0.16 *

0.07

 − 0.4 (2.7)

0.88 *

0.34

 − 1.8 (2.4)

0.46 *

0.17

Bethesda severity classification

Low versus severe

3.9 (4.7)

0.54

9.2 (4.0)

0.05 *

7.4 (3.6)

0.08 *

 

moderate versus severe

0.7 (4.8)

  

4.4 (4.1)

  

3.1 (3.7)

  

Ross classification

Class I versus Class II

9.2 (5.3)

0.08 *

0.05

11.2 (4.6)

0.02 *

0.04

10.5 (4.1)

0.01 *

0.03

Age at CHD diagnosis

Postnatal versus prenatal

3.9 (3.5)

0.26

4.6 (3.1)

0.13 *

4.4 (2.7)

0.11 *

Cardiac surgery

No versus yes

5.9 (3.0)

0.05

9.9 (2.5)

 < 0.001

8.5 (2.3)

 < 0.001

Number of cardiac surgical procedures

0 versus ≥ 3

6.9 (12.0)

0.10 *

16.9 (9.9)

 < 0.001 *

 < 0.01

13.4 (9.0)

 < 0.001 *

 < 0.01

 

1 versus ≥ 3

2.7 (12.1)

  

9.2 (10.0)

  

6.9 (9.0)

  
 

2 versus ≥ 3

 − 7.3 (13.1)

  

 − 3.0 (10.8)

  

 − 4.5 (9.8)

  

Cardiac catheter

No versus yes

 − 0.4 (3.6)

0.92

5.0 (3.1)

0.11 *

3.2 (2.8)

0.27

Number of cardiac catheter procedures

0 versus 2

 − 6.9 (8.7)

0.71

1.8 (7.6)

0.25

 − 1.2 (6.8)

0.42

 

1 versus 2

 − 7.5 (9.2)

  

 − 3.8 (8.0)

  

 − 5.1 (7.2)

  

Cardiac medication

No versus yes

6.8 (4.5)

0.14 *

7.5 (3.9)

0.06 *

7.2 (3.5)

0.04 *

PAH

No versus yes

 − 3.8 (8.6)

0.66

4.6 (7.6)

0.54

1.7 (6.8)

0.80

Normal left ventricle ejection fraction

No versus yes

 − 2.1 (6.9)

0.76

 − 0.1 (5.8)

0.98

 − 0.8 (5.3)

0.88

  1. Values are linear regression coefficients β (Standard Error) and p-values. Significant p-values are marked in italic
  2. CHD congenital heart disease, PAH pulmonary arterial hypertension, SD standard error
  3. *Candidate variables for multivariate analysis
  4. $ “–” Not maintained in the model (P > 0.10)