Assessing the effect of child’s gender on their father–mother perception of the PedsQL™ 4.0 questionnaire: an iterative hybrid ordinal logistic regression/item response theory approach with Monte Carlo simulation

Table 2 The results of the hybrid OLR/IRT DIF analysis across mother and daughter on the PedsQL™ 4.0 (Empirical threshold values from Monte Carlo simulations is also reported)

	Non-uniform				Uniform
	P^a	Threshold^b	ΔR^2c	Threshold^d	P^a	Threshold^b	ΔR^2c	Threshold^d	CvBL^e	Threshold^f
Physical health
5. Hard to take a bath	0.3156	0.0107	0.0018	0.0117	0.0002	0.0141	0.0243	0.0114	0.0135	0.0391
Emotional functioning
3. Feel angry	0.8460	0.0105	0.0000	0.0039	0.0000	0.0094	0.0115	0.0040	0.0270	0.0092
5. Worry about what will happen	0.8531	0.0078	0.0000	0.0040	0.0000	0.0168	0.0097	0.0032	0.0167	0.0097
Social functioning
1. Trouble getting along with peers	0.0576	0.0258	0.0027	0.0039	0.0000	0.0077	0.0125	0.0055	0.0332	0.0171
4. Doing things	0.0029	0.0327	0.0080	0.0046	0.0000	0.0110	0.0155	0.0063	0.0187	0.0188
5. Hard to play with others	0.2825	0.0255	0.0009	0.0038	0.0000	0.0068	0.0472	0.0057	0.1236	0.0178
School functioning
1. Hard to concentrate	0.0000	0.0209	0.0742	0.0036	0.0186	0.0115	0.0037	0.0044	0.0042	0.0125
2. Forget things	0.0003	0.0188	0.0084	0.0037	0.1182	0.0069	0.0016	0.0048	0.0003	0.0116
3. Trouble schoolwork	0.4073	0.0188	0.0006	0.0060	0.0000	0.0069	0.0467	0.0069	0.0937	0.0209
4. Miss school-not well	0.0080	0.0092	0.0069	0.0067	0.8240	0.0046	0.0000	0.0082	0.0010	0.0211
5. Miss school-doctor appointment	0.0022	0.0162	0.0085	0.0055	0.0306	0.0140	0.0043	0.0056	0.0103	0.0205

Italic numbers represent the items showing uniform or non-uniform DIF
^aP value of Chi-square test of difference between the Models 1 and 2, and Models 2 and 3 for testing uniform and non-uniform DIF, respectively
^bThreshold values for the nominal α level associated with Chi-square test of difference between the Models 1 and 2, and Models 2 and 3
^cΔR² is the R² difference between the Models 1 and 2, and Models 2 and 3 for testing uniform and non-uniform DIF, respectively
^dThreshold values for ΔR², difference between the Models 1 and 2, and Models 2 and 3 for testing uniform and non-uniform DIF, respectively
^eCrane, van Belle and Larson criterion—CvBL: |β1 (Model 1) − β1 (Model 2)/β1 (Model 1)|
^fThreshold values of Crane, van Belle and Larson criterion—CvBL: |β1 (Model 1) − β1 (Model 2)/β1 (Model 1)|

ISSN: 1477-7525