Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristic of patients on warfarin

Age (mean ± SD; 95% CI)

 Years

59.7 ± 15.6;

57.9–61.5

57.2 ± 15.0; 53.7–60.7

60.5 ± 15.7;

58.5–62.6

0.559

Gender (n, %)

 Male

172 (57.3)

39 (53.4)

133 (58.6)

0.438

 Female

128 (42.7)

34 (46.6)

94 (41.4)

Ethnicity (n, %)

 Malay

67 (22.3)

15 (20.5)

52 (22.9)

0.095

 Chinese

68 (22.7)

32 (43.8)

44 (19.4)

 Native

159 (53.0)

2 (2.7)

127 (55.9)

 Others

6 (2.0)

2 (1.8)

4 (1.8)

Partner status (n, %)

 No partner

80 (26.7)

18 (24.7)

62 (27.3)

0.420

 With partner

220 (73.3)

55 (75.3)

165 (72.7)

Education (n, %)

 None

58 (19.3)

6 (8.2)

52 (22.9)

0.001

 Primary

101 (33.7)

19 (26.0)

82 (36.1)

 Secondary

115 (38.3)

41 (56.2)

74 (32.6)

 College/ Tertiary

26 (8.7)

7 (9.6)

19 (8.4)

Occupation (n, %)

 Unemployed

147 (49.0)

30 (41.1)

117 (51.5)

0.269

 Government dependent/ pensioner

72 (24.0)

19 (26.0)

53 (23.3)

 Private

81 (27.0)

24 (32.9)

57 (25.1)

Diet (n, %)

 Non-vegetarian/vegan

285 (95.0)

69 (94.5)

216 (95.2)

0.829

 Vegetarian/vegan

15 (5.0)

4 (5.5)

11 (4.8)

Alcohol (n, %)

 No

294 (98.0)

71 (97.3)

223 (98.2)

0.604

 Yes

6 (2.0)

2 (2.7)

4 (1.8)

Comorbidities (n, %)

 Congestive cardiac failure*

54 (18.0)

16 (21.9)

38 (16.7)

0.317

 Hypertension*

176 (58.7)

36 (49.3)

140 (61.7)

0.062

 Diabetes mellitus*

52 (17.3)

11 (15.1)

41 (18.1)

0.557

 Stroke/TIA//thromboembolism*

11 (3.7)

6 (8.2)

5 (2.2)

0.017

 Vascular disease*

0

0

0

NA

 Others*

67 (22.3)

12 (16.4)

55 (24.2)

0.164

CHA₂DS₂-VASc

 None

2.0 ± 1.3

1.8–2.1

1.8 ± 1.1

1.6–2.1

2.0 ± 1.4

1.9–2.2

0.204

Treatment duration (mean ± SD; 95% CI)

 Years

6.3 ± 6.5;

5.5–7.0

7.8 ± 8.3;

5.9–9.8

5.7 ± 5.7;

5.0–6.5

 < 0.001

TTR (mean ± SD; 95% CI)

 %

47.0 ± 17.3;

45.0–48.9

70.2 ± 8.7;

68.2–72.2

39.5 ± 11.9;

38.0–41.1

0.006

Hospitalization (n, %)

 No

245 (81.7)

58 (79.5)

187 (82.4)

0.574

 Yes

55 (18.3)

15 (20.5)

40 (17.6)