Health-related quality of life is strongly associated with self-efficacy, self-esteem, loneliness, and stress in 14–15-year-old adolescents: a cross-sectional study

Table 4 Crude associations between sociodemographic variables, self-efficacy, self-esteem, pain, sleep, loneliness, stress, and HRQOL examined by linear regression analyses^a,b,c N = 696

	Physical well-being							Psychological well-being
	B1	B2	B3	B4	B5	B6	B7	B1	B2	B3	B4	B5	B6	B7
Gender (ref = boy)	− 0.21*							− 0.27*
Adult members of the household (ref = both parents)
Part-time with each parent	− 0.07							− 0.09
One parent and one stepparent	− 0.06							− 0.06
One parent	− 0.08							− 0.12*
Other caregivers	− 0.02							− 0.08
Parents’ work status (ref = both parents working)
One parent working	− 0.10*							− 0.11*
No parent working	− 0.08							− 0.00
School absence (ref = 0–4 days)^d
5–10 days	− 0.14*							− 0.13*
> 10 days	− 0.09							− 0.08
Self-efficacy		0.43*							0.53*
Self-esteem			0.44*							0.67*
Pain on average				− 0.29*							− 0.41*
Frequency of enough sleep (ref = always)
Usually					− 0.23*							− 0.30*
Sometimes					− 0.27*							− 0.39*
Rarely					− 0.31*							− 0.38*
Never					− 0.18*							− 0.24*
Loneliness						− 0.37*							− 0.62*
Stress							− 0.43*							− 0.72*
R² adj	0.106	0.186	0.192	0.086	0.083	0.133	0.187	0.150	0.276	0.449	0.171	0.112	0.390	0.518

	Autonomy and parent relations							Social support and peers
	B1	B2	B3	B4	B5	B6	B7	B1	B2	B3	B4	B5	B6	B7
Gender (ref = boy)	− 0.06							− 0.05
Adult members of the household (ref = both parents)
Part-time with each parent	− 0.06							− 0.01
One parent and one stepparent	− 0.07							− 0.08
One parent	− 0.13*							− 0.05
Other caregivers	− 0.11*							− 0.03
Parents’ work status (ref = both parents working)
One parent working	− 0.06							− 0.03
No parent working	− 0.07							0.05
School absence (ref = 0–4 days)^d
5–10 days	− 0.06							− 0.06
> 10 days	− 0.02							− 0.05
Self-efficacy		0.38*							0.32*
Self-esteem			0.43*							0.35*
Pain on average				− 0.29*							− 0.14*
Frequency of enough sleep (ref = always)
Usually					− 0.15							− 0.22*
Sometimes					− 0.26*							− 0.24*
Rarely					− 0.24*							− 0.20*
Never					− 0.15*							− 0.16*
Loneliness						− 0.39*							− 0.55*
Stress							− 0.52*							− 0.39*
R² adj	0.049	0.145	0.181	0.080	0.053	0.153	0.270	0.010	0.104	0.123	0.018	0.032	0.297	0.153

	School environment
	B1	B2	B3	B4	B5	B6	B7
Gender (ref = boy)	− 0.14*
Adult members of the household (ref = both parents)
Part-time with each parent	− 0.03
One parent and one stepparent	− 0.04
One parent	− 0.05
Other caregivers	− 0.02
Parents’ work status (ref = both parents working)
One parent working	− 0.07
No parent working	− 0.05
School absence (ref = 0–4 days)^d
5–10 days	− 0.12*
> 10 days	− 0.06
Self-efficacy		0.49*
Self-esteem			0.51*
Pain on average				− 0.34*
Frequency of enough sleep (ref = always)
Usually					− 0.23*
Sometimes					− 0.37*
Rarely					− 0.35*
Never					− 0.22*
Loneliness						− 0.40*
Stress							− 0.56*
R² adj	0.046	0.240	0.262	0.113	0.112	0.162	0.310

^aLinear regression analyses were performed separately for each of the five KIDSCREEN subscales as the dependent variables.
^bThe independent variables were grouped into seven blocks: B1–B7.
ͨThe strength of the associations is described in terms of standardized regression coefficients and adjusted R².
ͩThe variable was recoded into three categories: “0–4 days” (none, 1–4 days), “5–10 days” (5–7 days, 8–10 days), or “ > 10 days”.
*P ≤ 0.01

ISSN: 1477-7525