Measuring positive mental health and flourishing in Denmark: validation of the mental health continuum-short form (MHC-SF) and cross-cultural comparison across three countries

Table 5 Measurement invariance for the MHC-SF bi-factor model by sex, age, and education, estimated through differences in alternative fit indices

	χ2(df)	CFI	TLI	RMSEA	SRMR	Δχ2(Δdf)	ΔCFI	ΔTLI	ΔRMSEA	ΔSRMR	Decision
MHC-SF (sex)
Configural invariance	356.5*** (166)	.996	.995	.029	.027	–	–	–	–	–	–
Metric invariance	387.5*** (190)	.996	.996	.027	.030	31** [24]	.000	.001	−.002	.003	Accept
Scalar invariance	412.4*** (204)	.995	.996	.027	.031	25** [14]	−.001	.000	.000	.001	Accept
MHC-SF (age)
Configural invariance	493.9*** (166)	.992	.992	.038	.027	–	–	–	–	–	–
Metric invariance	553.9*** (190)	.992	.992	.037	.032	60*** [24]	.000	.000	−.001	.005	Accept
Scalar invariance	662.5*** (204)	.989	.990	.040	.033	109*** [14]	−.003	−.002	.003	.001	Accept
MHC-SF (education)
Configural invariance	373.6*** (270)	.997	.997	.020	.028	–	–	–	–	–	–
Metric invariance	423.8*** (318)	.997	.998	.019	.032	50 (48)	.000	.001	−.001	.004	Accept
Scalar invariance	661.6*** (346)	.992	.994	.031	.034	238*** [28]	−.005	−.004	.012	.002	Accept

Note: MHC-SF Mental Health Continuum – Short Form. SBχ² Satorra-Bentler scaled chi-square, df Degrees of freedom, CFI Comparative fit index, TLI Tucker-Lewis index, RMSEA Root mean square error of approximation, SRMR Standardized root-mean-square residual. *p ≤ .05; **p ≤ .01; ***p ≤ .001

ISSN: 1477-7525