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Table 2 Socioeconomic status, social capital, and HRQoL in participants with or without a certain health risk behavior

From: Socioeconomic status, social capital, health risk behaviors, and health-related quality of life among Chinese older adults

Variables Smoking Alcohol consumption Physical inactivity Unhealthy dietary behavior Unhealthy weight Sleep disorder
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No
Education level
  < Primary school 593 (30.1) 1378 (69.9) 644 (32.7) 1327 (67.3) 1351 (68.5) 620 (31.5) 1045 (53.0) 926 (47.0) 642 (32.6) 1329 (67.4) 927 (47.0) 1044 (53.0)
 Primary school 377 (29.9) 884 (70.1) 443 (35.1) 818 (64.9) 777 (61.6) 484 (38.4) 541 (42.9) 720 (57.1) 436 (34.6) 825 (65.4) 547 (43.4) 714 (56.6)
 Middle/high school 465 (36.2) 818 (63.8) 524 (40.8) 759 (59.2) 753 (58.7) 530 (41.3) 505 (39.4) 778 (60.6) 371 (28.9) 912 (71.1) 603 (47.0) 680 (53.0)
  ≥ College 128 (36.3) 225 (63.7) 158 (44.8) 195 (55.2) 163 (46.2) 190 (53.8) 135 (38.2) 218 (61.8) 100 (28.3) 253 (71.7) 137 (38.8) 216 (61.2)
 χ2 19.38***   34.30***   79.24***   75.20***   11.90**   11.69**  
Income level
  < 15,000 CHY 612 (35.0) 1139 (65.0) 584 (33.4) 1167 (66.6) 1389 (79.3) 362 (20.7) 885 (50.5) 866 (49.5) 676 (38.6) 1075 (61.4) 966 (55.2) 785 (44.8)
 15,000–30,000 CHY 406 (33.4) 811 (66.6) 445 (36.6) 772 (63.4) 870 (71.5) 347 (28.5) 620 (50.9) 597 (49.1) 375 (30.8) 842 (69.2) 587 (48.2) 630 (51.8)
 30,000–45,000 CHY 278 (29.7) 658 (70.3) 351 (37.5) 585 (62.5) 410 (43.8) 526 (56.2) 371 (39.6) 565 (60.4) 258 (27.6) 678 (72.4) 366 (39.1) 570 (60.9)
  ≥ 45,000 CHY 267 (27.7) 697 (72.3) 389 (40.4) 575 (59.6) 375 (38.9) 589 (61.1) 350 (36.3) 614 (63.7) 240 (24.9) 724 (75.1) 295 (30.6) 669 (69.4)
 χ2 18.46***   14.04**   622.33***   78.17***   66.86***   171.42***  
Social capital 40.9 ± 14.6 42.4 ± 14.4 42.8 ± 15.3 41.4 ± 14.0 39.5 ± 14.2 46.0 ± 14.1 38.5 ± 14.2 44.8 ± 14.1 41.1 ± 14.1 42.3 ± 14.6 38.7 ± 13.6 44.6 ± 14.7
 t 3.29**   −3.05**   15.48***   15.50***   2.59*   14.49***  
HRQoL 75.7 ± 12.6 78.0 ± 12.3 77.6 ± 12.6 77.1 ± 12.3 74.1 ± 12.3 82.7 ± 10.6 74.1 ± 12.4 80.0 ± 11.8 76.8 ± 12.2 77.5 ± 12.5 74.1 ± 11.9 80.0 ± 12.2
 t 6.03***   −1.21   25.83***   17.15***   1.83   17.13***  
  1. Continuous variables are presented as mean and standard deviation (SD), categorical variables are presented as frequency (n) and percentage (%)
  2. ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05
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Health and Quality of Life Outcomes

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