Changes in health-related quality of life before and after a 12-month enhanced primary care model among chronically ill primary care patients in Australia

Table 3 Changes in the levels of EQ. 5D by dimension between baseline and follow-up

EQ 5D dimensions	Change in the levels between baseline and follow-up	N (%)	p-value*
Mobility	No change (− −)	158 (37.9)	< 0.001
	Impairment (− +)	75 (18.0)
	Improvement (+ −)	101 (24.2)
	No change (+ +)	83 (19.9)
Self-care	No change (− −)	335 (80.3)	< 0.001
	Impairment (− +)	25 (6.0)
	Improvement (+ −)	46 (11.0)
	No change (+ +)	11 (2.6)
Usual activities	No change (− −)	172 (41.3)	< 0.001
	Impairment (− +)	65 (15.6)
	Improvement (+ −)	116 (27.9)
	No change (+ +)	63 (15.1)
Pain/discomfort	No change (− −)	68 (16.3)	< 0.001
	Impairment (− +)	76 (18.2)
	Improvement (+ −)	136 (32.6)
	No change (+ +)	137 (32.9)
Anxiety/Depression	No change (− −)	186 (44.6)	< 0.001
	Impairment (− +)	55 (13.2)
	Improvement (+ −)	93 (22.3)
	No change (+ +)	83 (19.9)

- - no problem level to no problem level (no change); − + lower problem level to a higher problem level (impairment); + − higher problem level to a lower problem level (improvement); + + higher problem to higher problem (no change)
*p-values obtained from Monte Carlo method by crosstabulation of baseline vs follow-up levels

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