Table 3 Anticipated associations with the German ASCOT scores and domains

 Self-perceived QoL

Current state:

H1

Positive correlation between the current overall ASCOT score and self-rated QoL [32]

h1

Positive associations of QoL with all ASCOT domains [31]

Expected state:

H6

Positive, but weak correlation between QoL and expected overall ASCOT score in the absence of LTC services as the expected state does not capture the compensatory effect of services (whereas the QoL item relates to the current situation, i.e. with services)

 EQ-5D

Current state:

H2

Weak to moderate positive correlation of the EQ-5D index with current overall ASCOT score [32]

h2

Positive association of the EQ-5D index with all ASCOT domains

h-cont1

Positive associations between EQ-5D items (self-care and usual activities) and Control over daily life as being able to perform those tasks could lead to higher perceived control over daily life [31]

h-clean1

Positive association between EQ-5D item self-care and ASCOT Personal cleanliness, as self-care (washing and dressing) is related to feelings of personal cleanliness [31]

h-safe1

Positive associations between all EQ-5D items (mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain, and anxiety/depression) and Personal safety as they capture factors inside and outside the home that could make a person feel unsafe [31]

h-occu1

Positive association between EQ-5D item usual activities and ASCOT Occupation, as performing usual activities is related to being able to do things one enjoys [31]

Expected state:

H5

Positive correlation is expected between the EQ-5D index and the overall expected ASCOT score in the absence of LTC services, as it measures limitations regardless of service effects

 (Instrumental) activities of daily living, (I)ADLs

Current state:

H3

Negative correlation between the (I)ADL limitations index and the current overall ASCOT score, as higher needs will affect QoL if services cannot fully compensate [31, 32]

Expected state:

H4

Stronger negative correlation between (I)ADL limitations index and the expected ASCOT score (compared to the current score) as (I)ADLs are a measure of needs [5]

h4

Negative associations between the (I)ADL limitations index and all expected ASCOT domains

h-cont2

As limitations in the ability to cope with (I)ADLs may come with feelings of less control, we expect negative associations between all (I)ADLs and Control over daily life (expected)

h-clean2

Negative associations between ADLs linked to personal care (washing, bathing, toilet, dressing) and Personal cleanliness (expected)

h-food1

Negative associations between food-related (I)ADLs (eating, shopping) as well as ‘using the toilet’ [31]) and Food and drink (expected)

h-acco1

Negative associations between housework IADL and Accommodation (expected)

h-safe2

Negative associations between (I)ADLs that require a certain amount of physical mobility/walking around (getting in and out of bed, showering/bathing, getting around, stairs, getting out of the house, shopping, housework) and Personal safety (expected)

h-safe3

Negative association between (I)ADLs requiring mobility or being outdoors, as well as taking medicine and Personal safety (expected)

h-occu2

Negative association between all (I)ADLs and Occupation (expected)

 Control and Autonomy subscale of CASP-12

Current state:

H8

Higher current overall ASCOT score for persons scoring high on the Control and Autonomy subscale of CASP-12 [32]

h3

Positive associations between CASP-12 and all ASCOT domains [31]

 Design of home

Current state:

h-cont3

Positive association with Control over daily life [31]

h-clean3

Positive association with Personal cleanliness [31]

h-acco2

Positive association of design of home with Accommodation [31]

h-safe4

Positive association with Personal safety as good home design makes it easier to provide appropriate care at home, resulting in higher QoL for these domains [31]

 Interviewer-assessed cleanliness of home

h-acco3

Positive association with Accommodation [31]

 Getting around locally

h-cont4

Positive association with Control over daily life [31]

h-safe5

Positive association with Personal safety

h-soci1

Positive associations with Social participation [31], since local accessibility enables users to achieve (good) outcomes in this domain

h-occu3

Positive association with Occupation [31]

 Speak to relatives/friends on phone, speak to neighbors, meet up with relatives/friends

Current state:

h-soci2

Positive association between contact with people outside of the home and Social participation [31]

 Process quality index score

Current state:

H7

Higher current overall ASCOT score for persons with higher process quality ratings [32]

h-dig1

Positive association with the ASCOT Dignity domain [31, 32]

 Overall satisfaction with services

h-dig2

Positive association with the ASCOT Dignity domain [31, 32]