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Table 4 Comparison of the intervention and control groups inside and between themselves

From: Person-centred, occupation-based intervention program supported with problem-solving therapy for type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial

  

Intervention group

Control group

Comparison of groups

 

Mean ± SD

Mean ± SD

z

p*

CANADIAN OCCUPATIONAL PERFORMANCE MEASURE (COPM)

 COPM-Performance

BI

2.51 ± 1.19

3.51 ± 2.11

−2.1

0.03

AI

6.03 ± 2.13

3.58 ± 2.45

−4.11

0.00

AI-3MNT

6.44 ± 2.21

3.48 ± 2.01

−4.74

0.00

χ2; p**

45.690; 0.000

0.485; 0.784

  

 COPM-Satisfaction

BI

2.93 ± 1.42

5.25 ± 2.61

−3.68

0.00

AI

7.19 ± 2.23

4.83 ± 2.70

−3.39

0.00

AI-3MNT

7.44 ± 2.37

4.4 ± 2.11

−4.64

0.00

χ2; p**

41.081; 0.000

1.040; 0.595

  

DIABETES EMPOWERMENT SCALE (DES)

 Psychosocial aspects

BI

3.19 ± 0.63

3.79 ± 0.64

−3.43

0.00

AI

3.95 ± 0.73

3.67 ± 0.41

−2.20

0.02

AI-3MNT

4.36 ± 0.58

3.7 ± 0.43

−4.66

0.00

χ2; p**

52.452; 0.000

0.578; 0.749

  

 Dissatisfaction and readiness to change

BI

3.37 ± 0.45

3.81 ± 045

−3.53

0.00

AI

3.93 ± 0.5

3.76 ± 0.23

− 0.96

0.33

AI-3MNT

4.25 ± 0.32

3.66 ± 0.4

−5.49

0.00

χ2; p**

41.785; 0.000

3.038; 0.219

  

 Setting and achieving diabetes goals

BI

3.32 ± 0.74

3.87 ± 0.42

−3.47

0.00

AI

4.28 ± 0.65

3.85 ± 0.36

− 3.15

0.00

AI-3MNT

4.49 ± 0.5

3.74 ± 0.4

−4.77

0.00

χ2; p**

46.934; 0.000

2.032; 0.362

  

 DES-total

BI

3.31 ± 0.54

3.82 ± 0.44

−3.80

0.00

AI

4.07 ± 0.55

3.76 ± 0.26

−2.35

0.01

AI-3MNT

4.46 ± 0.74

3.7 ± 0.35

−5.33

0.00

χ2; p**

53.786; 0.000

2.305; 0.316

  

BRIEF COPE

 Ineffective coping

BI

26.27 ± 5.09

27.56 ± 4.64

−1.038

0.299

AI

26.55 ± 5.01

27.09 ± 5.4

−0.592

0.554

AI-3MNT

25.09 ± 4.31

27.03 ± 4.39

−2.007

0.045

χ2; p**

0.638; 0.72

0.331; 0.84

  

  Self-distraction

BI

6.45 ± 1.76

6.26 ± 1.44

− 0.95

0.33

AI

5.94 ± 1.56

6.41 ± 1.45

−1.43

0.15

AI-3MNT

5.58 ± 1.56

6.71 ± 1.21

−3.05

0.00

χ2; p**

9.484; 0.009

2.064; 0.356

  

  Denial

BI

2.79 ± 1.61

3.74 ± 1.67

−2.79

0.05

AI

3.33 ± 1.89

3.88 ± 1.71

− 1.37

0.16

AI-3MNT

2.85 ± 1.52

3.44 ± 1.39

1.94

0.051

χ2; p**

0.974; 0.615

2.849; 0.241

  

  Substance use

BI

2.94 ± 2.03

3.29 ± 1.94

−1.24

0.21

AI

2.97 ± 2.06

2.82 ± 1.80

−0.08

0.93

AI-3MNT

2.67 ± 1.84

3.09 ± 2.06

−1.32

0.18

χ2; p**

2.077; 0.354

1.565; 0.45

  

  Behavioral disengagement

BI

2.82 ± 10.7

3.68 ± 1.62

−2.29

0.02

AI

2.48 ± 1.06

3.35 ± 1.32

−2.29

0.03

AI-3MNT

3.27 ± 1.73

3.56 ± 1.63

−0.89

0.36

χ2; p**

8.605; 0.014

1.723; 0.422

  

  Venting

BI

5.42 ± 1.92

5.53 ± 1.54

−0.14

0.88

AI

6 ± 1.69

5.94 ± 1.53

−0.18

0.85

AI-3MNT

5.39 ± 1.51

5.79 ± 1.40

−1.09

0.27

χ2; p**

1.089; 0.580

3.519; 0.172

  

  Self-blame

BI

5.85 ± 1.87

5.06 ± 1.27

−1.81

0.06

AI

5.82 ± 1.81

4.68 ± 1.60

−2.69

0.00

AI-3MNT

5.33 ± 1.83

4.44 ± 1.44

−2.12

0.03

χ2; p**

2.931; 0.231

2.902; 0.234

  

 Effective coping

BI

29.79 ± 5.14

34.09 ± 5.09

−3.27

0.001

AI

35.39 ± 5.92

33.85 ± 4.215

−1.278

0.201

AI-3MNT

36.06 ± 4.07

33.12 ± 5.7

−2.004

0.045

χ2; p**

34.111; 0.000

1.316; 0.518

  

  Active coping

BI

5.33 ± 1.16

6.12 ± 1.61

−2.34

0.01

AI

6.24 ± 1.65

5.71 ± 1.33

−1.73

0.08

AI-3MNT

6.58 ± 1.48

5.85 ± 1.37

−2.32

0.02

χ2; p**

11.954; 0.003

1.887; 0.389

  

  Acceptance

BI

6.21 ± 1.69

6.87 ± 1.46

−1.56

0.11

AI

7.79 ± 0.41

6.94 ± 0.98

−3.97

0.00

AI-3MNT

7.45 ± 0.71

6.82 ± 1.38

−1.95

0.051

χ2; p**

27.136; 0.00

0.068; 0.96

  

  Positive reframing

BI

5.09 ± 1.8

5.76 ± 1.56

−1.37

0.16

AI

5.79 ± 1.43

5.85 ± 1.30

−0.07

0.93

AI-3MNT

5.7 ± 1.89

5.76 ± 1.10

−0.28

0.77

χ2; p**

2.069; 0.68

4.368; 0.263

  

  Planning

BI

5.82 ± 1.42

6.18 ± 1.26

−0.97

0.32

AI

6.42 ± 1.62

5.79 ± 1.46

−1.68

0.09

AI-3MNT

6.7 ± 1.35

6.09 ± 1.48

−1.75

0.07

χ2; p**

6.686; 0.035

0.263; 0.877

  

  Use of emotional support

BI

3.33 ± 1.72

4.76 ± 1.89

−3.3

0.00

AI

4.36 ± 2.01

5.12 ± 1.71

−1.73

0.08

AI-3MNT

4.55 ± 1.92

4.47 ± 1.77

−0.16

0.86

χ2; p**

12.409; 0.002

2.113; 0.348

  

  Use of instrumental support

BI

3.97 ± 1.96

4.44 ± 1.69

−1.23

0.21

AI

4.88 ± 2.05

4.35 ± 1.53

−0.89

0.37

AI-3MNT

5 ± 2.03

4.03 ± 1.08

−1.94

0.052

χ2; p**

5.961; 0.051

1.152; 0.562

  

  Humor

BI

4.42 ± 2.33

4.85 ± 2.02

−0.958

0.338

AI

4.33 ± 2.2

4.26 ± 1.62

−0.191

0.848

AI-3MNT

4.58 ± 2.04

5.03 ± 1.89

−1.066

0.287

χ2; p**

1.938; 0.38

3.436; 0.179

  

  Religion

BI

5,82 ± 2.18

5.18 ± 2.3

−1.164

0.244

AI

5.88 ± 1.99

4.94 ± 2.10

−1.862

0.063

AI-3MNT

5.79 ± 2.04

4.97 ± 2.63

−1.427

0.154

χ2; p**

0.317; 0.853

3.303; 0.192

  

World Health Organızatıon Well-Beıng Index (WHO-5)

 WHO-5

BI

53.69 ± 27.42

48.94 ± 20.79

−0.82

0.4

AI

72.24 ± 25.42

56.4 ± 24.43

−2.7

0.00

AI-3MNT

81.33 ± 16.26

51.8 ± 25.42

−4.65

0.00

χ2; p**

33.564; 0.000

3.323; 0.190

  
  1. p*Man Whitney U, p**Friedman’s Tests, BI: before the intervention, AI: after the intervention, AI-3MNT: 3 months after the intervention