An evaluation of EQ-5D-3L health utility scores using five country-specific tariffs in a rural population aged 45–69 years in Hua county, Henan province, China

Wang, Hui; Cao, Changqi; Guo, Chuanhai; He, Yu; Li, Fenglei; Xu, Ruiping; Liu, Mengfei; Liu, Zhen; Pan, Yaqi; Liu, Fangfang; Liu, Ying; Li, Jingjing; Cai, Hong; He, Zhonghu; Ke, Yang

doi:10.1186/s12955-020-01476-z

Table 4 Known-groups validity derived from the five EQ-5D-3L tariffs in 12,085 residents from rural Hua County, China

From: An evaluation of EQ-5D-3L health utility scores using five country-specific tariffs in a rural population aged 45–69 years in Hua county, Henan province, China

Variable^a		Tariffs
Variable^a		China	UK	US	Japan	Korea
Age (years)
45–55	Mean (Median)	0.954 (1)	0.936 (1)	0.948 (1)	0.928 (1)	0.968 (1)
56–69	Mean (Median)	0.942 (1)	0.923 (1)	0.938 (1)	0.915 (1)	0.959 (1)
	Difference	0.012	0.013	0.010	0.013	0.009
	Z statistic	6.077	5.519	5.497	5.789	5.639
	Relative efficiency	1.000	0.908	0.905	0.953	0.928
	Effect size	0.130	0.111	0.104	0.112	0.141
Gender
Male	Mean (Median)	0.956 (1)	0.939 (1)	0.951 (1)	0.932 (1)	0.969 (1)
Female	Mean (Median)	0.941 (1)	0.920 (1)	0.935 (1)	0.911 (1)	0.959 (1)
	Difference	0.015	0.019	0.016	0.021	0.010
	Z statistic	8.976	9.382	9.353	9.208	9.747
	Relative efficiency	1.000	1.045	1.042	1.026	1.086
	Effect size	0.170	0.165	0.169	0.174	0.157
Educational level
Middle School and above(>6y)	Mean (Median)	0.954 (1)	0.937 (1)	0.948 (1)	0.929 (1)	0.968 (1)
Primary School and below(≤6y)	Mean (Median)	0.943 (1)	0.923 (1)	0.938 (1)	0.915 (1)	0.960 (1)
	Difference	0.011	0.014	0.010	0.014	0.008
	Z statistic	6.005	5.923	5.889	5.978	6.097
	Relative efficiency	1.000	0.986	0.981	0.996	1.015
	Effect size	0.126	0.115	0.109	0.115	0.128
Job type
Office	Mean (Median)	0.963 (1)	0.947 (1)	0.956 (1)	0.939 (1)	0.975 (1)
Labor	Mean (Median)	0.948 (1)	0.929 (1)	0.942 (1)	0.921 (1)	0.963 (1)
	Difference	0.015 ^b	0.018 ^c	0.014 ^d	0.018 ^e	0.012 ^f
	Z statistic	2.208	1.938	1.933	1.967	2.198
	Relative efficiency	1.000	0.878	0.875	0.891	0.995
	Effect size	0.168	0.151	0.151	0.150	0.176
Annual household per capita income^g
> 2000RMB	Mean (Median)	0.953 (1)	0.935 (1)	0.947 (1)	0.927 (1)	0.968 (1)
≤ 2000RMB	Mean (Median)	0.942 (1)	0.923 (1)	0.938 (1)	0.914 (1)	0.959 (1)
	Difference	0.011	0.012	0.009	0.013	0.009
	Z statistic	5.250	4.838	4.825	5.054	5.361
	Relative efficiency	1.000	0.922	0.919	0.963	1.021
	Effect size	0.130	0.104	0.098	0.107	0.138
Marital status
Being married	Mean (Median)	0.949 (1)	0.931 (1)	0.943 (1)	0.922 (1)	0.964 (1)
Unmarried	Mean (Median)	0.931 (1)	0.911 (1)	0.928 (1)	0.902 (1)	0.951 (1)
	Difference	0.018	0.020	0.015	0.020	0.013
	Z statistic	3.824	3.675	3.650	3.654	4.042
	Relative efficiency	1.000	0.961	0.954	0.956	1.057
	Effect size	0.203	0.169	0.165	0.167	0.201
Living arrangement^h
Living only with spouse or relatives	Mean (Median)	0.949 (1)	0.931 (1)	0.943 (1)	0.922 (1)	0.964 (1)
Living alone	Mean (Median)	0.914 (1)	0.889 (1)	0.912 (1)	0.879 (1)	0.940 (1)
	Difference	0.035	0.042	0.031	0.043	0.024
	Z statistic	6.046	5.881	5.894	5.882	5.913
	Relative efficiency	1.000	0.973	0.975	0.973	0.978
	Effect size	0.400	0.351	0.345	0.361	0.382
Frequency of eating fruits
> 3 times/week	Mean (Median)	0.956 (1)	0.938 (1)	0.949 (1)	0.930 (1)	0.970 (1)
≤ 3 times/week	Mean (Median)	0.940 (1)	0.921 (1)	0.937 (1)	0.913 (1)	0.957 (1)
	Difference	0.016	0.017	0.012	0.017	0.013
	Z statistic	7.607	6.979	6.952	7.149	8.227
	Relative efficiency	1.000	0.917	0.914	0.940	1.082
	Effect size	0.183	0.139	0.131	0.147	0.195
Frequency of eating vegetables
> 3 times/week	Mean (Median)	0.950 (1)	0.932 (1)	0.945 (1)	0.924 (1)	0.965 (1)
≤ 3 times/week	Mean (Median)	0.926 (1)	0.904 (1)	0.923 (1)	0.893 (1)	0.947 (1)
	Difference	0.024	0.028	0.022	0.031	0.018
	Z statistic	7.687	7.527	7.525	7.543	8.159
	Relative efficiency	1.000	0.979	0.979	0.981	1.061
	Effect size	0.277	0.235	0.236	0.257	0.280
Body mass indexⁱ
< 30 kg/m2	Mean (Median)	0.950 (1)	0.932 (1)	0.944 (1)	0.924 (1)	0.965 (1)
≥ 30 kg/m2	Mean (Median)	0.935 (1)	0.913 (1)	0.931 (1)	0.905 (1)	0.954 (1)
	Difference	0.015	0.019	0.013	0.019	0.011
	Z statistic	5.377	5.098	5.069	5.219	5.167
	Relative efficiency	1.000	0.948	0.943	0.971	0.961
	Effect size	0.166	0.157	0.148	0.154	0.175
Chronic diseases
No	Mean (Median)	0.954 (1)	0.936 (1)	0.948 (1)	0.929 (1)	0.968 (1)
Yes	Mean (Median)	0.918 (1)	0.893 (1)	0.914 (1)	0.883 (1)	0.941 (1)
	Difference	0.036	0.043	0.034	0.046	0.027
	Z statistic	14.704	14.103	14.095	14.300	14.809
	Relative efficiency	1.000	0.959	0.959	0.973	1.007
	Effect size	0.403	0.372	0.369	0.378	0.413

^a All difference scores were statistically significant using the independent t-test except for the job type variable, p < 0.001
^bp = 0.0151
^cp = 0.0283
^dp = 0.0285
^ep = 0.0301
^fp = 0.0107
^g Annual household per capita income was not available for 1002 (8.29%) subjects, who were excluded from analysis
^h Living arrangement was not available for 3 (0.02%) subjects, who were excluded from analysis
ⁱ Body mass index was not available for 41 (0.34%) subjects, who were excluded from analysis

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ISSN: 1477-7525

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