Table 2 Instrumental Variable Fixed Effect Panel Estimates

General Health

0.110^***

0.148^***

0.0839^**

(3.63)

(3.22)

(2.09)

GHQ12

−0.167^***

−0.168^***

−0.166^***

(−13.06)

(−10.62)

(−8.39)

Age

0.0197^***

0.0185^***

0.0209^***

0.0239^***

0.0228^***

0.0248^***

(24.94)

(15.31)

(20.01)

(26.61)

(17.49)

(20.21)

BHPS

0.225^***

0.194^***

0.248^***

0.267^***

0.222^***

0.300^***

(25.04)

(15.05)

(19.95)

(23.49)

(14.01)

(18.51)

Couple

0.0789^***

0.0146

0.127^***

0.0664^***

0.0286^*

0.0964^***

(7.99)

(1.03)

(9.47)

(5.60)

(1.71)

(5.72)

Higher education

−0.0498^**

− 0.0390

−0.0577^**

− 0.0395^*

− 0.0121

− 0.0596^*

(−2.34)

(−1.21)

(−2.06)

(−1.66)

(− 0.35)

(− 1.85)

Child 0–2

− 0.0607^***

− 0.0805^***

− 0.0422^***

− 0.0459^***

− 0.0637^***

−0.0297^**

(−8.45)

(−7.90)

(− 4.19)

(− 5.13)

(−5.15)

(− 2.33)

Child 3–4

− 0.0565^***

− 0.0530^***

− 0.0545^***

−0.0504^***

− 0.0607^***

−0.0405^***

(− 7.78)

(−4.97)

(− 5.51)

(−5.70)

(− 4.81)

(−3.27)

Child 5–11

− 0.0185^***

− 0.0247^***

− 0.0103

−0.0138^**

− 0.00536

−0.0174^**

(−3.68)

(−3.43)

(− 1.49)

(− 2.37)

(− 0.63)

(− 2.16)

Child 12–15

− 0.0286^***

− 0.0342^***

−0.0218^***

− 0.00815

−0.0161

− 0.00132

(−5.12)

(− 4.11)

(− 2.92)

(− 1.18)

(− 1.62)

(− 0.14)

Real Family Income

0.0000496^***

0.0000457^***

0.0000570^***

0.0000521^***

0.0000447^***

0.0000644^***

(27.85)

(20.95)

(18.63)

(24.39)

(17.47)

(16.68)

Self Employed

0.191^***

0.194^***

0.187^***

0.150^***

0.152^***

0.141^***

(7.85)

(5.10)

(5.78)

(4.88)

(3.39)

(3.26)

Employed

0.222^***

0.236^***

0.212^***

0.191^***

0.194^***

0.189^***

(9.91)

(6.47)

(7.51)

(6.58)

(4.46)

(4.84)

Unemployed

−0.277^***

− 0.352^***

− 0.198^***

− 0.00549

− 0.0728

0.0598

(−11.49)

(−9.27)

(− 6.37)

(− 0.15)

(− 1.40)

(1.09)

Retired

0.159^***

0.165^***

0.153^***

0.0909^***

0.0665

0.107^***

(6.80)

(4.38)

(5.15)

(2.97)

(1.43)

(2.63)

Maternity leave

0.224^***

0.204^***

0.134^***

0.120^**

(7.54)

(5.93)

(3.41)

(2.55)

Family care

0.0710^***

−0.0351

0.0799^***

0.119^***

0.0168

0.137^***

(3.01)

(−0.65)

(2.76)

(3.84)

(0.26)

(3.34)

Full-time study

0.0670^***

0.0822^**

0.0623^*

0.0350

0.0455

0.0344

(2.60)

(2.00)

(1.90)

(1.06)

(0.93)

(0.77)

Long-term sick

−0.0556^*

−0.127^***

0.00422

0.340^***

0.233^***

0.424^***

(−1.91)

(−2.80)

(0.11)

(7.10)

(3.62)

(5.97)

Constant

2.256^***

2.251^***

2.229^***

4.208^***

4.216^***

4.199^***

(19.80)

(12.66)

(14.97)

(32.45)

(27.76)

(19.88)

N

329,282

146,714

182,568

338,628

150,911

187,717

Sargan-Hansen χ²(3)

1.189

1.827

6.006

4.372

2.211

5.229

 F(4, 51,751)

252.03***

 F(4, 23,245)

104.48***

 F(4, 28,513)

145.57***

 F(4, 51,550)

53.71***

 F(4, 23,145)

35.15***

 F(4, 28,412)

22.45***