Table 3 Dietary habits according to nutritional status, QOL and nutritional status & QOL of the elderly in South Korea (N = 143)
Nutritional statusa | QOLb | Nutritional status & QOLc | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
High (N = 63) | Low (N = 68) | Pd | High (N = 71) | Low (N = 70) | P | Best (N = 41) | Worst (N = 45) | P | |
Meal frequencye | 0.302 | 0.189 | 0.214 | ||||||
3 times a day | 92.1 | 83.8 | 84.5 | 92.9 | 87.8 | 88.9 | |||
2 times a day | 6.3 | 14.7 | 12.7 | 7.1 | 9.8 | 11.1 | |||
1 times a day | 1.6 | 1.5 | 2.8 | 0.0 | 2.4 | 0.0 | |||
Reason for meal skipping (multiple response) | |||||||||
Sleep lately | 0.0 | 3.3 | 0.497 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.000 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 0.436 |
Anorexia | 0.0 | 13.3 | 0.007 | 5.1 | 7.8 | 0.719 | 0.0 | 11.6 | 0.038 |
Indigestion | 0.0 | 8.3 | 0.059 | 1.7 | 6.3 | 0.367 | 0.0 | 9.3 | 0.168 |
Difficulty of food preparation | 0.0 | 6.7 | 0.120 | 3.4 | 3.1 | 1.000 | 0.0 | 4.7 | 0.136 |
Eating-related problem (multiple response) | 28.6 | 66.2 | 0.000 | 26.8 | 65.7 | 0.000 | 19.5 | 77.8 | 0.000 |
Swallowing problems | 0.0 | 3.2 | 0.498 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.000 | 0.0 | 2.2 | 0.445 |
Chewing difficulty | 17.9 | 42.9 | 0.003 | 18.0 | 41.2 | 0.004 | 13.9 | 48.9 | 0.007 |
Anorexia | 3.6 | 7.9 | 0.445 | 4.9 | 7.4 | 0.721 | 2.8 | 6.7 | 0.661 |
Indigestion | 5.4 | 17.5 | 0.041 | 9.8 | 16.2 | 0.288 | 2.8 | 15.6 | 0.146 |
Nausea / vomiting | 0.0 | 1.6 | 1.000 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 1.000 | 0.0 | 2.2 | 0.646 |
Constipation | 3.6 | 12.7 | 0.101 | 0.0 | 14.7 | 0.002 | 0.0 | 17.8 | 0.017 |
Snacks frequency | |||||||||
3 times a day | 7.9 | 10.3 | 0.387 | 5.6 | 11.4 | 0.025 | 2.4 | 8.9 | 0.081 |
2 times a day | 20.6 | 30.9 | 22.5 | 28.6 | 19.5 | 31.1 | |||
1 times a day | 44.4 | 33.8 | 36.6 | 37.1 | 48.8 | 40.0 | |||
Every other day | 3.2 | 7.4 | 1.4 | 8.6 | 2.4 | 11.1 | |||
Almost never | 23.8 | 17.6 | 33.8 | 14.3 | 26.8 | 8.9 | |||
Frequency of dining-out | |||||||||
1 times a day | 21.0 | 19.1 | 0.075 | 18.3 | 18.8 | 0.010 | 22.0 | 20.0 | 0.067 |
1–6 times a week | 22.6 | 22.1 | 29.6 | 13.0 | 29.3 | 15.6 | |||
1–3 times a month | 33.9 | 17.6 | 31.0 | 23.2 | 31.7 | 15.6 | |||
Almost never (less than once a month) | 22.6 | 41.2 | 21.1 | 44.9 | 17.1 | 48.9 | |||
Change food amount (recently) | |||||||||
No change | 88.9 | 75.0 | 0.109 | 88.7 | 71.4 | 0.004 | 95.1 | 68.9 | 0.015 |
More-than-usual-intake | 1.6 | 5.9 | 5.6 | 2.9 | 2.4 | 4.4 | |||
Less-than-usual-intake | 9.5 | 19.1 | 5.6 | 25.7 | 2.4 | 26.7 | |||