Characteristic | All | No Hearing Impairment | Hearing Impairment | p Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
N | 14,930 | 100.00 | 13,682 | 91.64 | 1248 | 8.36 | Â |
Age (S.D.) | 58.87 (0.08) | 58.29 (0.08) | 65.20 (0.29) | < 0.001 | |||
Gender | Â | Â | Â | 0.006 | |||
 Male | 7175 | 48.06 | 6529 | 47.72 | 646 | 51.76 |  |
 Female | 7755 | 51.94 | 7153 | 52.28 | 602 | 48.24 |  |
Education |  |  |  | < 0.001 | |||
 Illiterate | 6789 | 45.47 | 6006 | 43.90 | 783 | 62.74 |  |
 Primary School | 3177 | 21.28 | 2936 | 21.46 | 241 | 19.31 |  |
 Middle School and above | 4964 | 33.25 | 4740 | 34.64 | 224 | 17.95 |  |
Residency |  |  |  | < 0.001 | |||
 Urban | 3332 | 22.32 | 3131 | 22.88 | 201 | 16.11 |  |
 Rural | 11,598 | 77.68 | 10,551 | 77.12 | 1047 | 83.89 |  |
Marriage |  |  |  | < 0.001 | |||
 Married | 13,377 | 89.60 | 12,375 | 90.45 | 1002 | 80.29 |  |
 Alone | 1553 | 10.40 | 1307 | 9.55 | 246 | 19.71 |  |
Chronic Diseases |  |  |  | < 0.001 | |||
 0 | 4542 | 30.42 | 4270 | 31.21 | 272 | 21.79 |  |
  ≥ 1 | 10,388 | 69.58 | 9412 | 68.79 | 976 | 78.21 |  |
ADLs |  |  |  | < 0.001 | |||
 No-impaired | 12,478 | 83.58 | 11,625 | 84.97 | 853 | 68.35 |  |
 Impaired | 2452 | 16.42 | 2057 | 15.03 | 395 | 31.65 |  |
IADLs |  |  |  | < 0.001 | |||
 No-impaired | 11,802 | 79.05 | 11,087 | 81.03 | 715 | 57.29 |  |
 Impaired | 3128 | 20.95 | 2595 | 18.97 | 533 | 42.71 |  |
Depressive Symptoms |  |  |  | < 0.001 | |||
 No | 9408 | 63.01 | 8816 | 64.44 | 592 | 47.44 |  |
 Yes | 5522 | 36.99 | 4866 | 35.56 | 656 | 52.56 |  |