Effects of sedative-hypnotics on sleep quality among patients with insomnia: evidence from an observational, pre-post study in India

Table 5 PSQI_PW improvements in patients administered zolpidem and BZDs – adjusting for age, gender and primary diagnosis for hospitalization

Primary Diagnosis	Zolpidem (N = 49 patients)				BZDs (N = 137 patients)				Zolpidem vs. BZDs
Primary Diagnosis	Pre-treatment	Post-treatment	Unadjusted Mean Difference (95% CI)	p-value	Pre-treatment	Post-treatment	Unadjusted Mean Difference (95% CI)	p-value	Difference in mean difference^a(95% CI)	p-value
Cardiovascular diseases	16.5	9.0	-7.5 (-10.3, -4.7)	<0.001	10.4	4.9	-5.5 (-6.3, -4.9)	<0.001	-1.5 (-3.9,0.9)	0.20
Respiratory diseases	14.4	7.4	-7.0 (-8.2, -5.9)	<0.001	13.1	7.5	-5.4 (-7.3, -3.6)	<0.001	-1.6 (-3.7,0.4)	0.12
Infectious diseases	13.5	5.8	-7.7 (-9.3, -6.2)	<0.001	13.1	4.2	-8.8 (-10.8, -6.8)	<0.001	1.0 (-1.4,3.4)	0.39
Psychiatric disorders	11.0	3.0	-8.0 (-8.0, -8.0)	0.0036	13.8	7.4	-6.4 (-7.7, -5.2)	<0.001	-2.1 (-10.2,6.0)	0.59
Fractures	15.5	5.0	-10.5 (13.4, -7.6)	<0.001	15.8	6.4	-9.4 (-12.0, -7.0)	<0.001	1.2 (-1.4,3.9)	0.33
Urologic diseases	13.0	4.0	-9.0 (-21.7, 3.7)	<0.001	11.1	5.5	-5.7 (-6.8, -4.5)	<0.001	-2.6 (-7.1,1.9)	0.23
Others	13.3	4.3	-9.0 (-13.3, -4.7)	<0.001	10.6	3.8	-6.8 (-9.1, -4.5)	<0.001	-2.1 (-7.0,2.9)	0.37
All patients	14.3	6.4	-7.9 (-8.6, -7.1)	<0.001	12.1	5.7	-6.4 (-6.9, -5.9)	<0.001	-1.5 (-2.6,-0.5)	0.0028

^aDifferences in mean differences after adjusting for age, gender and primary diagnosis for hospitalization. See Additional File 1: Table S3 for distribution of age, gender and primary diagnosis for hospitalization among patients in the two drug groups

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